I’ll Be Back by Henning Jon Grini - HTML preview

bypassing state-controlled TV and newspapers. Scholars note that social media

was instrumental in mobilizing the “first movers” of the Egyptian uprising and

facilitating collective action in the face of fearijoc.org.

• Circumventing censorship: Authoritarian regimes often try to control

information, but the internet provides routes around official censorship. In

Tunisia, despite heavy internet surveillance by the regime, bloggers and citizen

journalists uploaded videos of protests and police brutality to YouTube and

shared updates on Twitter, ensuring that Tunisians (and the outside world)

knew what was happening beyond the state media narrative. As one

commentator asked during the revolution, Tunisia’s uprising became

possibly “the first peaceful revolution to be driven by social networking sites” in

the Arab world aljazeera.com. When regimes shut down local internet or cell

networks (as Egypt did temporarily in 2011), activists have found workarounds

via satellite phones, proxy servers, or simply smuggling out flash drives with

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footage. The presence of pan-Arab satellite TV (like Al Jazeera) also meant that

images uploaded from one country could instantly be broadcast to millions in

the regionaljazeera.comaljazeera.com.

• Winning hearts and minds (media war): By mastering social media and

online messaging, movements can gain a propaganda edge. They share

inspiring stories, martyrs’ narratives, and calls for solidarity that can move

fellow citizens to join and also generate sympathy abroad. In the Sudan 2019

protests, videos of peaceful demonstrators facing down armed security, or

protesters cleaning up the streets after rallies, went viral and built an image of

a dignified, nonviolent movement – making it harder for the regime to justify a

crackdown. Even memes and hashtags (like #Jan25 in Egypt) help sustain

morale and global awareness. In essence, digital activism has become a force

multiplier for civil resistance, allowing decentralized leadership and quick

adaptation. It helped that by the 2010s, youthful populations adept at social

media were at the forefront of movements (the median age in many Arab

countries is mid-20s), bringing their digital savvy to the struggle.

That said, successful movements also recognize the limits of social media. Regimes have adapted with their own digital surveillance and misinformation. Erica Chenoweth notes that thinking beyond social media is important – movements must eventually

convert online support into real-world action and not rely solely on clickshks.harvard.edu. The strongest movements use digital tools to augment traditional grassroots organizing, not replace it. For example, protest organizers in Tunisia and Egypt would use Facebook to call a rally, but then once on the streets, relied on face-to-face coordination and trust built in communities. In sum, digital activism is a powerful enabler of resistance – a 21st-century equivalent of the underground press or clandestine radio in earlier eras – but it works best in tandem with on-the-ground networks and strategies.

 

4. International Solidarity and External Pressure

No civil resistance movement operates in an isolated bubble; outside forces often play a significant role. Successful campaigns have frequently benefited from international solidarity, media attention, and pressure on the authoritarian regime from abroad. This can take many forms:

• Global media and public opinion: International news coverage can amplify

the moral pressure on a regime. When the world watches peaceful protesters

being beaten or jailed, it can lead to condemnation, UN resolutions, or at least

reputational costs for the dictators. During Eastern Europe’s 1989 revolutions,

Western media broadcasts (and outlets like Radio Free Europe) kept a

spotlight on events, emboldening protesters that they were not alone.

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Similarly, the 1986 People Power in the Philippines and the 2011 Arab Spring

were global news, which encouraged foreign leaders to distance themselves

from the embattled regimes. (For instance, the US, which had propped up

Marcos and Mubarak for years, ultimately told them their time was up.)

• Economic sanctions and boycotts: International economic pressure can

weaken authoritarian regimes and signal support for the opposition. A classic

example is the fight against apartheid in South Africa. The internal resistance

(mass protests, strikes, and the defiance campaign led by groups like the

African National Congress and United Democratic Front) made the country

increasingly ungovernable in the 1980s theguardian.com. But what really forced the

regime’s hand was the growing international isolation – the global anti-

apartheid movement succeeded in lobbying for sanctions, disinvestment, and

sports boycotts that hit the apartheid government economically and

psychologically. Ordinary citizens worldwide joined in solidarity, refusing to

buy South African goods, pressuring corporations and banks to cut ties, and

treating the Pretoria regime as a pariahtheguardian.com. By the mid-1980s, one in

four Britons boycotted South African products and campuses across the US

and Europe were demanding divestmenttheguardian.com. These collective global

actions made a real impact: foreign banks called in loans, investors fled, and

the South African white elite felt increasing costs for clinging to apartheid

theguardian.comtheguardian.com. Eventually, President F.W. de Klerk released Nelson

Mandela and negotiated an end to apartheid, knowing that doing so would

end the boycotts and global ostracismtheguardian.com. This illustrates

how international solidarity campaigns – when aligned with a strong

internal resistance – can significantly weaken an authoritarian regime’s resolve

and resources.

• Diplomatic and material support: In some cases, foreign governments or

NGOs quietly assist resistance movements with training, technology, or safe

havens. For example, Serbian activists in 2000 received advice on nonviolent

tactics from international pro-democracy groups and academics (some had

studied Gene Sharp’s writings on nonviolent struggle). Polish Solidarity in the

1980s got support from the Vatican (Pope John Paul II’s moral backing and

visits to Poland were huge morale boosts) and covert financial aid from

Western trade unions and governments, helping them publish underground

newspapers and maintain an organizing structure. Western NGOs and the

media documented Chile’s human rights abuses, which added pressure on

Pinochet’s regime and gave credibility to the Chilean opposition’s cause in the

eyes of Chilean citizens. Moreover, neighboring countries’ experiences can

inspire movements: the success of people power in one country often

encourages activists in another (the “demonstration effect”), effectively a form

of cross-border moral solidarity.

• External pressure on regime insiders: Sometimes, international actors

directly negotiate with or pressure members of the authoritarian regime to

 

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step aside peacefully. In the Serbian case, on the eve of Milošević’s fall, Russia’s

foreign minister flew to Belgrade and reportedly told Milošević the world

would not come to his aid and even hinted at guarantees against prosecution

if he resigned nonviolent-conflict.org. Such interventions can provide a face-saving exit

for dictators. Similarly, during Sudan’s uprising, the African Union and Ethiopia

mediated talks that nudged the military to compromise with civilian leaders

after Bashir’s ouster.

While international solidarity is often helpful, successful movements do not rely solely on outsiders; they primarily succeed because of internal pressure. But external factors can tip the balance. At the very least, a united global voice against an authoritarian’s violent crackdown can limit the extent of repression used. Many regime elites calculate their self-interest, and if they sense that sticking with a dictator will make them international pariahs with travel bans or frozen assets, they may defect or push for the regime to yield. Thus, civil resistance and international diplomacy can work hand-in-hand to dismantle repressive systems – with the people’s struggle providing leverage that the international community can reinforce.

 

5. Inducing Loyalty Shifts and Defections

A final critical strategy is targeting the regime’s support pillars – especially the security forces, state media, and key economic elites – to persuade or pressure them to shift their loyalties. Nearly every successful movement has reached a point where some in the regime’s camp decided to withdraw support from the dictator, whether by refusing orders to fire on crowds, openly defecting, or quietly aiding the opposition. Nonviolent movements actually have an advantage here: by not using violence, they make it easier for soldiers and officials to empathize with protestors or at least calculate that a bloody repression is too costly or illegitimate.

We saw this clearly in several cases: The Philippine military’s defection in 1986 was pivotal – when generals and tens of thousands of troops went over to the side of People Power, Marcos had no tools left to enforce his rule. In East Germany 1989, security officers began ignoring orders as the crowds in Leipzig swelled, and eventually the regime found it “no longer had a reliable instrument of repression.” In Egypt and Tunisia 2011, the armies’ decision not to rescue the dictator, and instead facilitate his departure, was essentially a case of elites switching sides (in Tunisia some say Army Chief Rachid Ammar’s refusal to shoot protesters sealed Ben Ali’s fate). Even in Chile, although Pinochet stayed technically until 1990, the fact that his armed forces and economic elites allowed the 1988 vote to proceed and respected its result indicated a shift – they were no longer willing to bypass the popular will on his behalf.

 

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Movements encourage such shifts through messaging and nonviolent courting of opponents. Protesters often carry slogans like “Police, join us – you are also the people” or offer flowers to soldiers (famously done in the 1968 “Prague Spring” and many protests since). In Serbia, Otpor activists made a point to joke with police and even invite them to share food or information, building a certain rapport. In Sudan, protest leaders appealed to lower-ranked soldiers’ and junior officers’ sense of national duty and showed that the movement was not against the army as an institution, only against the dictator. By maintaining a peaceful demeanor, protesters reduce the psychological distance that regimes try to create (authorities often paint protestors as “terrorists” or “foreign agents”; that narrative is hard to sustain when demonstrators are clearly unarmed civilians). Additionally, movements sometimes seek endorsements from respected figures or insiders – for example, revered veterans, former regime officials, religious authorities – urging the regime not to shoot or to negotiate. Such endorsements give cover for members of the regime to break ranks.

It’s important to note that loyalty shifts are often a tipping point rather than an initial strategy. Early on, movements may be met with a unified repressive response. But as the other strategies discussed (mass protests, international spotlight, etc.) take their toll, cracks can appear. Successful movements anticipate this and work to widen those cracks. They might disseminate pamphlets aimed at soldiers (as was done in Portugal’s 1974 Carnation Revolution and by Solidarity in Poland), or declare amnesties for those who abandon the dictator. When security forces do defect or stand down, movements must also be ready to protect them (to encourage others). The endgame of many nonviolent revolutions is effectively a coalition between the people and portions of the old regime against the hardline core of the dictator’s circle. When that coalition becomes stronger than the forces remaining loyal to the tyrant, the regime collapses from within.

 

In sum, the strategies above – nonviolent discipline, broad coalition-building, savvy use of media, external networking, and inducing loyalty shifts – are mutually reinforcing. Together, they constitute a playbook that many successful movements have employed, whether consciously or by trial and error. Of course, each struggle has unique aspects and must adapt to local conditions. But the recurrence of these themes in victory after victory is what underlies the strategic logic of nonviolent

conflict hks.harvard.edu that scholars like Chenoweth and Stephan have articulated.

 

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The 3.5% Rule: Why Mass Participation Matters

One of the most significant findings to emerge from the study of civil resistance (especially the research of Erica Chenoweth, now at Harvard Kennedy School, and Maria J. Stephan) is the outsized impact of relatively small percentages of the population engaging in resistance. Dubbed the “3.5% rule,” it refers to the empirical observation that no regime has withstood a challenge of 3.5% of its population

(or more) mobilized against it hks.harvard.edu in sustained, peaceful protest. In their comprehensive dataset of resistance campaigns from 1900-2006, Chenoweth and Stephan discovered that every single campaign which hit that threshold of active participation succeeded in achieving its main objectives (typically regime change or

secession)commonslibrary.org. This held true across different regions and types of regimes, as long as the campaign was primarily nonviolent.

Why is 3.5% so impactful? On the surface, it sounds small – 3.5% is only 1 out of every 30 people. However, in a nation of tens of millions, that translates to hundreds of thousands or even millions in motion, which is enough to disrupt the normal functioning of society and signal a loss of legitimacy for the regime. Importantly, active protestors are usually backed by a much larger portion of the population who passively agree with them. So 3.5% in the streets might imply perhaps 20%, 50%, or more of the public sympathizing. When such a critical mass is reached, several dynamics favor the movement:

• Elites Calculate the Odds: Regime elites realize that if so many people are

willing to risk joining protests, the regime’s days may be numbered. They start

hedging bets or switching sides (as discussed in loyalty shifts). The 3.5% figure

may actually mark the “point of no return” where enough momentum exists

that even more people will join (a bandwagon effect), and the regime cannot

return to business as usual.

• Security Forces are Stretched: No government, however repressive, has

enough reliable forces to physically contain protests of that magnitude

continuously, especially if protests erupt in multiple cities. Forces can guard

the palace, but they cannot be everywhere. If they try to be, they risk

defections and exhaustion. Massive protests thus strain the coercive apparatus

to a breaking point.

• The Economy Grinds Down: If millions are protesting or on strike, economic

life is severely disrupted. The regime faces pressure from business elites and

even shortages (as happened in Serbia 2000 when strikes stopped power

plantsnonviolent-conflict.org). International investors and allies also take fright, adding

economic isolation. All of this undermines the regime’s ability to govern.

• International Legitimacy Erodes: A movement that encompasses a large slice

of the population can credibly claim to represent “the people.” Foreign

governments then find it hard to justify supporting the regime. We saw this

 

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when Philippines’ Marcos lost US support once the size of People Power

demonstrations signaled his lost mandate. Even the Soviet Union refrained

from intervening in Eastern Europe in 1989 partly because the movements

were so widespread (and Soviet policy was shifting). In 2019, Algeria and

Sudan both had the military step in to remove presidents after huge sustained

protests – partly to avoid international isolation or civil war.

Chenoweth’s work also underscores that nonviolent movements are far more likely

to reach that high level of participation than violent insurgencies hks.harvard.edu. Most people are risk-averse and will not join a violent rebel group, but they might join a peaceful march if they feel strongly about change. This is why, historically, nonviolent

campaigns have achieved success about hks.harvard.edu twice as often as violent ones. With larger participation comes greater diversity (students, workers, civil servants, even off-duty police or soldiers quietly joining). A diverse movement can deploy varied tactics and is more resilient – even if one group of people is repressed (say, students are beaten on campus), another group (workers in factories) can take up the mantle, creating a sustained pressure that authoritarian regimes find very hard to withstand.

To put the 3.5% rule in perspective: In a country of 10 million, 3.5% is 350,000 people actively involved – attending protests regularly, organizing strikes, etc. Tunisia’s population is about 11 million; indeed hundreds of thousands participated in the climax of its revolution, and it succeeded. Egypt’s is ~90 million; the Tahrir Square movement at its peak had several million involved across Egypt – again above 3.5%. The Philippines in 1986 had ~55 million people; at least 1-2 million took part in People Power directly, easily meeting the threshold. These numbers are rough, but they illustrate the point. When engagement goes from tens of thousands into the hundreds of thousands or millions, a movement gains an almost unstoppable momentum.

Of course, the 3.5% figure is not a magic guarantee – context matters, and tragically some modern movements (e.g., in Myanmar 2021 or Hong Kong 2019) had massive participation yet were crushed by overwhelming force. Chenoweth’s data mostly covers up to 2006; a few recent cases may challenge the “never failed” claim (analysts have noted at least two instances around 2019 where regimes survived despite huge

protests, due to extreme repression)directactioneverywhere.com. Nonetheless, the overall pattern remains strong: greater popular participation greatly increases the probability of

successhks.harvard.edu. Even in cases that didn’t fully democratize, large nonviolent movements often wring concessions or force interim changes that violent rebellion likely could not.

From the perspective of movement organizers, the lesson is clear: focus on growth and inclusion. Rather than relying on an elite vanguard or militant cadre, invest in outreach to get ordinary citizens involved. The movements Solidarity profiled did exactly that – Solidarity at its height had around 10 million members (out of 36

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million Poles!), the Chilean opposition registered millions of new voters, and Sudan’s organizers formed committees in nearly every neighborhood to involve locals. By aiming to mobilize a significant minority of the population, movements create conditions where even those not protesting start to envision change as possible – the “radical flank” of active protesters in a sense carries the hopes of a much larger passive population, which can then swing into active support if needed.

In conclusion, the 3.5% rule encapsulates the power of mass civil engagement: a relatively small fraction of determined citizens, if they remain nonviolent and united, can defeat heavily armed dictators. It’s a heartening message – one backed by data and numerous real-world victories. As Chenoweth writes, it highlights “the surprisingly

small critical mass needed for success” hks.harvard.edu in civil resistance. This does not make such struggles easy – reaching 3.5% may require tremendous courage and organization – but it provides a target and a reassurance that people power is not just a romantic ideal, but a practical force that has again and again reshaped history.

 

Conclusion

The experiences of civil resistance movements around the world demonstrate that authoritarian regimes are not invincible. From the shipyard strikes of Gdańsk to the crowds of Manila’s EDSA, from the chanting masses in Seoul to the banner-waving throngs in Tunis and Khartoum, ordinary people have used extraordinary solidarity and ingenuity to defeat dictators. These case studies underscore several final points worth noting:

• Nonviolent, People-Powered Change is Possible: Even against ruthless

regimes, sustained nonviolent defiance has led to outcomes that armed revolt

likely could not have achieved with such relatively low cost in lives. Civil

resistance has expanded political freedom across Eastern Europe, Latin

America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East over the past half-century. It has

often been the driving engine of democratic transitions when institutions

were blocked and political opposition was persecuted.

• Common Strategies, Different Cultures: Movements in very different cultural

and regional settings have independently discovered the efficacy of tactics like

strikes, boycotts, mass demonstrations, and courting international support. The

“best practices” of civil resistance – maintaining unity, planning wisely, staying

nonviolent, and adapting creatively – seem to transcend any one culture. This

hints at a certain universality in how repressive power can be undermined by

collective moral and social power.

• Role of Leadership and Organization: While these movements are often

described as spontaneous, most benefited from dedicated organizers and

networks (be it unions like Solidarity, student groups like Otpor, or

professional associations in Sudan). Leadership in civil resistance is usually

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decentralized but still coordinated – a balance between guiding strategy and

empowering grassroots initiative. The case studies reveal unsung heroes:

community organizers, religious leaders, union stewards, etc., who built the

capacity for mass action over months or years.

• The Aftermath Matters: Toppling a regime is one victory; building a lasting

democracy is another. Civil resistance can open the door to freedom, but the

work of governance and reconciliation comes next. In Poland, Chile, South

Africa, Tunisia and others, the legacy of the movements lived on in

constitutional reforms and civil society building (often movement leaders

became political leaders). In some cases, gains were reversed (Egypt’s brief

democratic opening gave way to a new autocracy), showing that a successful

revolution doesn’t guarantee a sustained democracy without continued civic

engagement. Nonetheless, even where outcomes are imperfect, the fact

remains that the people gained a voice and altered their national trajectory

through collective action.

• Continued Relevance: As of 2025, authoritarianism is again on the rise in

some parts of the world, and many societies face renewed struggles for

democracy and human rightshks.harvard.edu. The lessons from past movements are

deeply relevant. New movements – whether for democratic reform in Hong

Kong, Belarus, Myanmar, or elsewhere – study the successes and failures of

their predecessors. Institutions like the Harvard Kennedy School’s Ash

Center Nonviolent Action Lab and the International Center on Nonviolent

Conflict actively disseminate this knowledgeash.harvard.eduhks.harvard.edu. The principles

that “people power” advocates like Gene Sharp laid out, and that Erica

Chenoweth empirically validated, continue to inform how activists strategize

today. Even in the digital age, the core dynamic remains: when enough people

stand together nonviolently for a just cause, change can happen against the

odds.

In closing, the defeat of authoritarian regimes through civil resistance is one of the most striking phenomena of modern history. It testifies to an enduring truth: the legitimacy of governments ultimately depends on the consent of the governed. Tyrants rule by fear and apathy; they fall when citizens choose courage and solidarity. As the 3.5% rule encapsulates, a committed minority can awaken a majority and reshape a nation’s destiny. The case studies from Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa each illuminate a piece of this larger story – a story in which the human spirit’s desire for freedom , combined with strategic acumen and collective action, has repeatedly overcome the forces of oppression.

 

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Most Recent Resistance Strategies

and Future Visions from 16 Public

Figures

Note from the editor:

I could have included many more people, but that would have been a bit overload. I have included 16 people, half of whom are women. I think we need more women in governance and management, which is why I have put them first. It is also time for the United States to have its first female president (Norway had its first in 1981). I have also included four Republicans in this list.

 

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez

Resistance Recommendations

Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez emphasizes grassroots defiance of authoritarian actions. Speaking at an April 2025 “Fighting Oligarchy” rally, she praised Los Angeles school staff who refused to let federal agents intimidate immigrant students. “It will never be just institutions and officials alone that uphold our democracy. It will always be the people, the masses who refuse to comply with authoritarian regimes,” AOC

declaredabc7.com. Her recommendation is clear: ordinary people must stand up and say “No” at every level when faced with unjust orders. By collectively dissenting and protecting vulnerable communities, citizens can create a “reindeer cyclone” of

resistance that makes it theguardian.com “harder…for this authoritarian agenda to succeed”

theguardian.com . AOC calls on Americans to actively defend democratic norms in daily life, rather than relying solely on institutions.

Vision for the United States

AOC envisions an America defined by social justice, economic security, and dignity for all. She has long argued that “in a modern, moral and wealthy society, no person in

America should be too poor to live”washingtonpost.com. In practical terms, this means guaranteeing basic rights and needs: healthcare as a human right, tuition-free college or trade school for every child, and housing for all so that “no person should be

homeless” washingtonpost.com. Ocasio-Cortez sees the United States as a country where the economy serves everyone, not just the wealthy, and where economic rights are treated

as human rightsabc7.com. Her future America is one rooted in compassion, equal opportunity, and the collective empowerment of “the people” – a nation that lives up to democratic ideals by ensuring no one is left behind.

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Elizabeth Warren

Resistance Recommendations

Sen. Elizabeth Warren urges an uncompromising fight to protect democracy from authoritarianism. She warns Democrats against timidity in the face of rising autocracy: “The way to stand up to a dictator is to fight back against him, not

capitulate to him. Surrendering to tyranny invites more of it,” she has stressedbsky.app. After President Trump’s inauguration in January 2025, Warren told supporters

that “what we do next is important, and I need you in this fight with me” warren.senate.gov – a rallying cry for collective action. She condemned Trump’s early “Day One” executive orders as an “agenda of revenge, division, and cruelty” and promised to resist policies

that betray American valueswarren.senate.gov. Warren has even taken procedural action in

the Senate (such as holding the floor to stall extreme nomineesfacebook.com) to slow what she calls Trump’s “sandstorm of chaos” meant to distract from plutocratic goals

warren.senate.gov . Her recommendation is clear: Democrats and citizens must “grow a spine”,

vigorously oppose abuses of power, and fight – not fold – in the face of bullyingx.com

bsky.app.

Vision for the United States

Warren’s vision for America centers on a thriving democracy and an economy that works for everyone, not just billionaires. “Americans do not want a country where political parties each field their own team of billionaires who then squabble over how to

divvy up the spoils of government,” she wrote in late 2024warren.senate.gov. Instead, she calls

for returning power to the people by “unrigging” the economywarren.senate.gov and rooting out corruption. Warren envisions a future United States defined by opportunity and fairness: where working families are economically secure, the rule of law is respected, and government truly serves the public good. She argues that Democrats must earn back the trust of working people by championing their interests and delivering

tangible resultswarren.senate.govkatiecouric.com. In Warren’s future America, wealth and influence do not buy power – integrity, equality, and accountability do. It’s a nation where democracy is strengthened by an active, empowered middle class and where, as she often says, “everyone – not just the rich and powerful – has a fighting chance” (a principle she’s highlighted throughout her career).

 

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Marianne Williamson

Resistance Recommendations

Author and activist Marianne Williamson calls for bold, principled opposition to the Trump administration’s authoritarian tendencies. After Trump’s return to office, Williamson acknowledged the gravity of the moment – “a shock-and-awe

campaign” of executive orders that fulfilled her “worst fears”katiecouric.com – but insisted that Americans must not lose heart. “When [Trump’s] policy positions go against…human values, then I think it’s incumbent upon us to stand up, show up, and,

where necessary…push back,” she urged in January 2025katiecouric.comkatiecouric.com. Williamson advocates working within Congress when possible, but resisting firmly whenever

fundamental values are at stakekatiecouric.comkatiecouric.com. She also believes in matching Trump’s fervor with an equally passionate counter-vision: “We have to match his level of audacity,” she says – meeting demagoguery with bold truth-telling and moral

couragekatiecouric.com. Her recommendation for resistance is a combination of political action and moral resolve: protest unjust orders, support vulnerable communities, and never normalize cruelty or lies.

Vision for the United States

Williamson’s vision for America is one of spiritual and social renewal – a country that lives up to its highest ideals of compassion, justice, and shared prosperity. As a candidate for DNC Chair in 2025, she argued that the Democratic Party (and the

nation) must “reinvent…from the inside out” to truly serve the peoplekatiecouric.comkatiecouric.com. She advocates a return to “unequivocal advocacy for the working people of the United States,” tackling issues like economic inequality, healthcare access, and climate

change with New Deal-level ambitionkatiecouric.com. “The anger and despair [out there] are palpable,” Williamson says, noting that younger generations face crises her

generation didn’tkatiecouric.com. Her future America addresses that pain: she envisions a society that provides material support (good jobs, healthcare, education) and rekindles a sense of national purpose and unity. In her words, “we get to choose” how to respond to this dark time, and history will reward those who choose to “stand up for…American values” of democracy, fairness, and love-driven

politicskatiecouric.comkatiecouric.com. Williamson imagines an America redeemed by a “politics of conscience,” where government is ethical and empathetic, and people are empowered to heal their communities – truly “a country redeemed,” as she often says.

 

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Liz Cheney

Resistance Recommendations

Former Congresswoman Liz Cheney has emerged as a fervent defender of constitutional democracy against Trump’s authoritarian turn. Though a lifelong Republican, Cheney urges Americans of all stripes to put country over party to thwart

what she calls Trump’s “danger” to the republicaljazeera.comaljazeera.com. In late 2024, after Trump suggested she deserved a firing squad for opposing him, Cheney blasted him as a “vindictive, cruel…dictator”. “This is how dictators destroy free nations. They threaten those who speak against them with death,” she warned, adding, “We cannot entrust our country and our freedom to a petty, vindictive, cruel, unstable man who

wants to be a tyrant.”aljazeera.com. Cheney’s recommendation for resistance begins at the ballot box – she even crossed party lines to endorse Democrat Kamala Harris to stop

Trump’s re-electionaljazeera.com. But it goes beyond voting: she calls on citizens to stand firm on principle. “Those who believe in the Constitution have an obligation” to

oppose leaders who defy the rule of law, Cheney insistsnews.lehigh.edu. “When…a time of testing came, we stood up, and we did our duty because we love this country more,” she

says of the effort to unite against Trumpnews.lehigh.edu. In short, Cheney urges Americans to work together – regardless of party – to uphold the rule of law, tell the truth about authoritarian threats, and never flinch in defending our democratic institutions.

Vision for the United States

Cheney’s vision for America is rooted in a reverence for constitutional democracy and the peaceful transfer of power. She often speaks about the kind of nation she wants her children and future generations to inherit: one where our foundational principles remain intact. “The vast majority of citizens of this great country want our kids to grow up and to live in a nation that is characterized by the peaceful transfer of

power,” Cheney reminded an audiencenews.lehigh.edu. This is the America she is fighting for – a country where elections are respected, where political violence and intimidation have no place, and where no leader is above the law. Cheney envisions an American future in which duty, honor, and accountability are restored to politics. It’s a vision of a nation that “remembers who it is,” as she has implied – one that values truth over tribalism. In practical terms, Cheney advocates for a rejuvenated GOP (and political system) grounded in constitutional fidelity rather than cults of personality. She imagines a United States that has learned from the current crisis and returned to core values: freedom, equality, decency, and justice. As she succinctly puts it, “we can’t

survive a president who goes to war with the Constitution”news.lehigh.edu – her future America is one where such a threat is vanquished and the constitutional order thrives stronger than ever.

 

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Rebecca Solnit

Resistance Recommendations

Writer Rebecca Solnit offers a vision of resistance as an everyday, collective practice accessible to all. In a February 2025 Guardian column, Solnit noted that under Trump’s emerging authoritarian regime, “there’s pressure to shut up and toe the Trump line.” But every act of truth-telling and refusal matters: “Every person who doesn’t…makes it easier and safer and more encouraging for others to likewise

dissent,” she explainstheguardian.com. Solnit urges people to speak up in their communities – to “call lies lies, call cruelty cruelty, call fascism fascism” – because silence only

normalizes oppressiontheguardian.com. She uses vivid metaphors: just as animals herd together to protect their young, citizens must close ranks around the vulnerable. “The more we stand up, the harder it is for this authoritarian agenda to succeed,” Solnit writes, “and the more uncomfortable we make it for those going along with the lies and

the cruelty.”theguardian.com In practical terms, her “10 things to do” include actions like intervening when someone is targeted, supporting independent media, and staying engaged locally. Above all, Solnit counsels courage and persistence: authoritarianism thrives on fear and acquiescence, so courage is contagious. “Not going along with it…not pretending human rights violations are anything but [what they are]…that’s up

to us,” theguardian.com she insists. Her resistance playbook is one of small, persistent acts – constant truth-telling, mutual aid, protest, and refusal to comply with injustice – which, added up, form a bulwark against tyranny.

Vision for the United States

Solnit’s vision of America’s future is an inclusive, humane society that actively lives its values of equality and compassion. “In this moment, it matters to…affirm that the climate crisis is real and climate solutions benefit us all, immigrants are vital to our economy…and diversity strengthens…our country,” she writes, listing truths that should

form the basis of policytheguardian.com. She imagines a United States that not only acknowledges facts and science but also treasures diversity and human rights: where transgender people are safe from harm, where “women’s rights and equality” are “non-negotiable,” and where nobody is demonized for who they are

theguardian.com . In Solnit’s America, leadership would be accountable and empathetic – the opposite of rule by fear. She looks forward to a civic renaissance built on solidarity: neighbors defending neighbors, cities welcoming refugees, and a populace that

remains theguardian.com “loud” in the face of injustice. Ultimately, Solnit’s vision is hopeful. She believes in “the rescue of the world” by ordinary people working together

theguardian.com . She often invokes the concept of “active hope”: despite dark times, Americans can still build a more just, sustainable, and beautiful country by refusing despair and insisting on the possible good. In short, Rebecca Solnit sees the United

 

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States not as a past paradise lost to authoritarianism, but as a nation of promise that, through active citizen engagement, can fulfill its unrealized potential for justice.

 

Leigh McGowan

Resistance Recommendations

Leigh McGowan, widely known as “PoliticsGirl,” has been a prominent voice in advocating for democratic principles and resisting authoritarian shifts in the United States. In her recent appearances and publications, she emphasizes the importance of civic engagement and the dangers of complacency. McGowan warns against initiatives like Project 2025, stating that if such efforts aren't curtailed now, they will persist and evolve, posing ongoing threats to democracy.

She urges citizens to stay informed, vote, and actively participate in the democratic process. McGowan believes that understanding the structure and function of government empowers individuals to hold leaders accountable and resist authoritarian tendencies. Through her platforms, she provides resources and commentary to help people recognize and counteract anti-democratic actions.

Vision for the United States

Solnit’s McGowan envisions an America where democracy is robust, and citizens are actively engaged in governance. She advocates for a return to common sense in politics, emphasizing unity over division and the importance of truth and integrity in leadership. In her book, she outlines six key principles aimed at uniting Americans across the political spectrum, focusing on shared values like freedom and the role of government as a force for good.

She also highlights the need for systemic reforms to address issues like voter suppression and misinformation. By fostering a well-informed electorate and promoting transparency, McGowan believes the United States can overcome current challenges and build a more equitable and just society.

 

Kamala Harris

Resistance Recommendations

In her first major public address since the 2024 election, former Vice President Kamala Harris delivered a powerful speech at the Emerge America gala in San Francisco on April 30, 2025. She criticized President Trump's administration for fostering fear, suppressing dissent, undermining the judiciary, and causing what she described as

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the "greatest man-made economic crisis" in modern history through reckless tariff policies.

Harris emphasized the importance of civic engagement and solidarity among citizens, stating, "Courage is contagious." She urged Americans to speak out against authoritarian tendencies and to actively participate in the democratic process to safeguard constitutional values.

Vision for the United States

Harris envisions a United States where democracy is robust, and citizens are actively engaged in governance. She advocates for a return to common sense in politics, emphasizing unity over division and the importance of truth and integrity in leadership. In her speech, she highlighted the need for systemic reforms to address issues like voter suppression and misinformation.

She also called for the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, warning against the erosion of constitutional checks and balances. Harris concluded her speech with a call to action: "This country is ours. It doesn't belong to whoever is in the White House. It belongs to you. It belongs to us. It belongs to We the People."

 

Naomi Klein

Resistance Recommendations

In 2025, Naomi Klein has been a prominent critic of the authoritarian tendencies emerging in the United States. In her recent essay co-authored with Astra Taylor, "The Rise of End Times Fascism," she describes the current far-right ideology as a form of "monstrous, supremacist survivalism." Klein argues that this ideology is characterized by a retreat from democratic principles and an embrace of apocalyptic narratives that justify authoritarian control.

Klein emphasizes the importance of building a broad, inclusive movement to counter these trends. She advocates for a coalition that is both spiritual and political, rooted in mutual care and a commitment to planetary stewardship. This movement, she argues, must confront the interconnected crises of climate change, inequality, and political instability.

 

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Vision for the United States

Naomi Klein envisions a United States that embraces "eco-populism" as a response to the dual threats of ecological collapse and rising authoritarianism. In a recent talk at UCLA titled "Fascism or Eco-populism: Our Stark Choice," she discussed how climate disasters, such as the 2018 Paradise Fires, have been exploited to deepen social divisions and justify authoritarian measures. Klein advocates for policies that address environmental degradation while promoting social equity and democratic participation.

She also warns against the rise of "corporate city-states," where wealthy individuals and tech companies create autonomous zones with minimal regulation and democratic oversight. Klein argues that such developments represent a dangerous shift away from collective governance and towards a fragmented, privatized society.

Through her work, Klein calls for a recommitment to democratic values, environmental justice, and social solidarity as the foundation for a resilient and equitable future.

 

Michael Moore

Resistance Recommendations

Filmmaker Michael Moore is rallying Americans to take to the streets in mass protest against what he calls the Trump administration’s slide into authoritarianism. Uniting his large grassroots following, Moore helped organize a “nationwide day of protest” in early April 2025, warning that complacency was not an option. “Get Up! Get Out! Get in the Streets!” he implored on social media. “Mass protests [are happening] Saturday

near you!”x.com. Moore has been blunt that only loud, public opposition can halt Trump’s agenda. In fact, he celebrated when millions heeded the call: “An estimated 3.5 MILLION people mobilized to tell Trump HANDS OFF! … This is what democracy

looks like!” he cheered, affirming the power of peaceful unrestm.facebook.com. Moore’s recommendations for resistance include sustained demonstrations, creative activism, and uniting across state lines – channeling outrage into a concrete show of “people power.” He’s also encouraged whistleblowing and leaks to expose wrongdoing (recalling his TrumpiLeaks project) and constant pressure on elected officials. His message is one of urgency and action: authoritarianism must be met with massive, sustained public resistance. “The people in charge…are not just going to hand back power – we have to make them,” Moore contends (as evidenced by his April protest efforts). By keeping the public activated, he believes, Americans can stop Trump’s more extreme plans before they calcify.

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Vision for the United States

Moore’s vision for America is deeply rooted in democracy, equality, and the voice of the common citizen. He imagines a country that emerges from the Trump era with a renewed commitment to true democracy – one that is of, by, and for the people. After witnessing massive protests coast to coast, Moore expressed hope that this grassroots energy would translate into lasting change. “This is what democracy looks

like!” he exclaimed as diverse crowds marched in city after citym.facebook.com, suggesting that an engaged populace is the heart of the America he wants to see. In Moore’s ideal future, the government addresses the needs of working families – healthcare for all, higher wages, strong social safety nets – rather than catering to billionaires. He often highlights stories of ordinary Americans to underscore economic injustice, and he calls for policies that reflect basic fairness and compassion. For example, Moore

has decried Trump’s climate deregulation as a “declaration of war” on the planetaol.com, implying his vision includes aggressive action on climate change for future generations. Ultimately, Michael Moore sees an America that has learned from the Trump years: a nation that doubles down on democratic norms, passes robust protections for voting and civil rights, and ensures that “never again” will a demagogue subvert the Constitution. It’s a vision of a more egalitarian country, where the loudest voice is that of the people in unity – an America rebuilt from the grassroots up.

 

Bernie Sanders

Resistance Recommendations

Sen. Bernie Sanders urges vigorous, uncompromising resistance to Trump’s authoritarian policies. On April 12, 2025, Sanders headlined a Los Angeles rally against the administration, decrying Trump’s use of state power to trample rights. “We’re fighting a president who undermines our Constitution every day and threatens our freedom of speech and assembly… That is what happens in dictatorships, not democracies. And we’re going to stop that outrageous action on the part of the

president,” Sanders vowed to a crowd of tens of thousandsdemocracynow.org. His approach to resistance is multi-faceted: organizing massive rallies and tours (“Fighting Oligarchy” rallies), blocking destructive legislation in Congress, and encouraging local activism. Sanders emphasizes solidarity across issues – urging people to fight for reproductive rights, workers’ rights, [and] access to healthcare while also opposing

Trump’s abuses democracynow.org. He believes public pressure can thwart Trump’s agenda, much as protests stopped some of Trump’s first-term excesses. “Unless we stop them

– abc7.com and we will stop them,” he said of the “oligarchy” and its greed -fueled policies.

 

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Sanders often reminds supporters that real change comes from the bottom up: through voter mobilization, strikes, protests, and mutual aid. His recommendation, in essence, is organized, joyful defiance – “We’re going to make our revolution with joy…sing and dance our way to victory against hatred and divisiveness,” he told the

rally, harnessing optimism as an act of resistanceabc7.com.

Vision for the United States

Sanders’ future America is one that finally fulfills the promise of economic and social justice for all. He envisions a country that rejects oligarchy and guarantees basic rights like healthcare, education, and a decent standard of living as fundamental

human rights. “Economic rights are human rights,” Sanders insistsabc7.com – reflecting his long-held belief that the United States should have Medicare for All, tuition-free public college, and housing as a right. In contrast to Trump’s divisive rule by the wealthy, Sanders calls for an American renewal akin to a “21st-century Bill of Rights” for working people. He frequently cites Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ideals; indeed, at the rally he recounted how political freedom must be accompanied by freedom from

want and fearabc7.com. Bernie’s vision also includes a robust democracy protected from authoritarian erosion: automatic voter registration, campaign finance reform, and strong labor unions so that power is distributed among the people. Internationally, he imagines the U.S. as a force for peace and human rights, not “aligning with

dictatorships abroad” wsws.org. Ultimately, Sanders sees America as a multi-racial, multi-generational democracy where the billionaires and corporations no longer control our

economic and political lifeabc7.com. In its place would be a government that represents the working class, an economy that values “the poor and the disabled and working

class people” abc7.com over profit, and a society in which dignity – not wealth – is the measure of success.

 

Arnold Schwarzenegger

Resistance Recommendations

Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has broken decisively with his party to oppose Trump’s autocratic trajectory. In late 2024, Schwarzenegger stunned many by formally endorsing Democrat Kamala Harris over his fellow Republican, framing it as an act of patriotism. “I will always be an American before I am a

Republican,” he wrote, urging others to do the sametheguardian.com. Schwarzenegger implored Americans who “don’t recognize our country” under Trump to channel their fury into action: vote against Trumpism and support leaders who respect democracy

theguardian.com . He has condemned Republican enablers and pleaded with Congress to act as a check on executive power. Not one for street protests, Schwarzenegger’s resistance playbook is about speaking out and building unusual coalitions . He’s

 

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used his platform to call Jan. 6 rioters “domestic terrorists” and liken Trump’s tactics

to those of historical tyrantstheguardian.com. On social media and in interviews, Schwarzenegger consistently calls out lies about election fraud, telling Americans

that theguardian.com “rejecting the results of an election is as un-American as it gets”. His recommendation: put aside partisan loyalties and stand together to defend the Constitution. As he bluntly warned, another Trump term would be “four more years of bullshit…more divided, and more hateful” – an outcome Americans must prevent by voting decisively and refusing to tolerate any attacks on democratic norms

theguardian.com .

Vision for the United States

Schwarzenegger’s vision for America is one where unity and democratic integrity are restored. He often invokes his love for his adopted country’s ideals, famously

referring to America as “the shining city on a hill”theguardian.com. In his view, the United States should return to being a global beacon of freedom – a nation that honors alliances, stands by democratic friends abroad, and leads by example. Domestically, Schwarzenegger wants to “close the door on this [divisive] chapter of American history”

theguardian.com and move forward with common purpose. That means a country where leaders from both parties address real problems (debt, immigration, climate) instead

of treating politics as a game theguardian.com. He believes in rebuilding a strong national identity grounded in civic education and service. For instance, he has floated ideas like promoting national service for youth to bridge divides. Schwarzenegger also speaks to the need for “a strong redefinition of the nation’s moral mission” in times of

crisis (echoing Lincoln’s example)theatlantic.com. In practice, his ideal America values character over party – elected officials who put country first, citizens who engage respectfully despite differences, and immigrants (like himself) who are embraced as part of the American family. It’s a vision steeped in optimism: Schwarzenegger often says he’s never stopped believing in America. He sees a future where the U.S. emerges from Trump’s shadow more united, more honorable, and more focused on

“making Americans’ lives better”theguardian.com – an America that once again earns the world’s respect and its own people’s trust.

 

David Brooks

Resistance Recommendations

New York Times columnist David Brooks approaches resistance from a moral and structural standpoint. In the face of Trump’s “MAGA” authoritarianism, Brooks has used his pen to systematically dismantle the legitimacy of the regime’s actions. He argues that Trump’s movement is built on “nihilism” and “the logic of bullies” – an

obsession with power for power’s sake theatlantic.comtheatlantic.com. By illuminating these truths,

 

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Brooks provides intellectual ammunition for the public to resist through understanding. He highlights how Trump’s inner circle is purging checks and balances (“destroying any institution…that might check the strongman’s power”) and governing

by crueltytheatlantic.comtheatlantic.com. His recommendation to readers and policymakers is to not normalize these abuses: keep calling them out and refuse to work for or with those who subvert democracy. Brooks suggests “extraordinary measures” may be needed – for instance, he’s floated reforms like multi-party proportional

representation to weaken extremist hold on powertheatlantic.com. In commentary and public forums, he encourages pro-democracy Republicans and Democrats to form a common front (“a Society Organized to Save American Democracy” as one article

paraphrasedfpif.org). While not a street protester, Brooks’ resistance advice is potent: tell the truth relentlessly (to pierce propaganda), shore up institutions (courts, press, civil service) that can constrain Trump, and prepare the nation for the moment

when “Trumpism’s collapse” inevitably comestheatlantic.com. That collapse, he notes, is necessary but not sufficient – Americans must be ready to step in with better

leadership and ideas the moment the authoritarian falterstheatlantic.com.

Vision for the United States

David Brooks envisions an American renewal – a comprehensive reinvention of the nation’s values, institutions, and social fabric after the Trump era. “Recovery from national crisis demands comprehensive reinvention at all levels of society,” he writes,

drawing lessons from history theatlantic.com. In Brooks’ view, the future United States needs both progressive and conservative strengths: economic justice and cultural cohesion. He foresees a “national shift in values” away from cynicism and nihilism

toward generosity and communal responsibility theatlantic.com. For example, he cites how the Gilded Age’s Social Darwinism gave way to a Social Gospel movement – a shift

America may need again to reject rampant cruelty in favor of empathy theatlantic.com. Brooks also emphasizes rebuilding a “strong national identity” or moral mission that

unites Americans around shared ideals, much as Lincoln did at Gettysburgtheatlantic.com. This could involve a renewed emphasis on civics, patriotism that isn’t partisan, and leaders who inspire our “better angels.” Additionally, he calls for a “civic renaissance”: after political trauma, Americans must revive local communities, volunteerism, and

civic organizations to heal the social fabrictheatlantic.com. In Brooks’ ideal future, the U.S. has overcome toxic polarization. Politics becomes about problem-solving (e.g. fixing

immigration pragmatically, as Schwarzenegger also lamentstheguardian.com) rather than perpetual culture war. Economic life is rebalanced so that working-class Americans see real opportunity – defusing the populist anger that fueled Trump. And crucially, the rule of law and truth itself are reaffirmed as non-negotiable foundations of

societytheatlantic.comtheatlantic.com. In sum, David Brooks sees an America that has learned from this near-catastrophe and embarked on an era of “civic and political renewal”

theatlantic.com – a kinder, more united nation with a reinvigorated democracy.

 

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Robert Reich

Resistance Recommendations

Economist and former Labor Secretary Robert Reich has become a leading voice detailing how to resist Trump’s “neofascist” agenda. He argues that appeasement is fatal. “History teaches us that the way to stand up to a dictator is to fight back against

him, not capitulate to him,” Reich urgesbsky.app. “Surrendering to tyranny invites more of it.” His recommendations for action span from Congress to the streets. In a Guardian column days after Trump’s inauguration, Reich laid out “10 things you can do to resist” – including mass protests, general strikes, court challenges, and constant

contact with representativestheguardian.comtheguardian.com. He supported the April 2025 nationwide protests, emphasizing that visible public opposition puts a check on Trump’s ambitions. Reich also advocates for bureaucrats and military officials to refuse illegal or anti-democratic orders (whistleblowing if necessary) – essentially a peaceful internal resistance. Above all, Reich stresses persistence. “We will never give up,” he insists, encouraging Americans to keep fighting for “social justice, equal

political rights, equal opportunity and the rule of law” despite setbackstheguardian.com. He notes Trump actually won narrowly in 2024, a sign that opposition can prevail next

time if it remains energizedtheguardian.com. His mantra to the public is “stay engaged, stay outraged, but also stay sensible.” Reich frequently reminds followers to take care of themselves and each other – to not let Trump’s “darkness take over” their lives

theguardian.com . This balance, he believes, will sustain the pro-democracy movement through what could be a protracted struggle.

 

Vision for the United States

Reich’s vision for America is essentially the inverse of Trump’s: a vibrant democracy with an economy that works for the many, not the few. He yearns for an America where no one’s vote is suppressed, workers have power, and billionaire influence is curbed – a country rooted in fairness and democratic participation . In his writing, Reich often references the New Deal and Great Society eras as inspiration, imagining a future with strengthened unions, publicly funded healthcare and education, and robust social safety nets. The goal is an America “for the common good,” as he titled one of his books. In 2025, as Trump rolled back climate and labor regulations, Reich doubled down on the alternate path: investing in green jobs, raising the minimum wage, and taxing wealth to fund public services. He also supports structural reforms to make democracy more representative (such as eliminating the Electoral College or

adopting proportional representation)theatlantic.com. In the Guardian list, his final point

was theguardian.comtheguardian.com “Keep the faith. Do not give up on America” – reflecting an underlying optimism about the nation’s future. Reich envisions an American society

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that lives up to its ideals: where “the fights for social justice… and the rule of law” are

ultimately wontheguardian.com, and where government is transparent and accountable. In his future United States, the authoritarian chapter is closed and serves as a cautionary tale. He frequently says the experience should galvanize a new era of reform – much like the Progressive Era answered the excesses of the Gilded Age. Robert Reich’s America is thus a reborn democracy, fortified by an engaged citizenry, with an economy that is equitable and sustainable. It’s a place where no tyrant can find

footing bsky.app because the people, well- informed and united, simply won’t permit it

theguardian.com .

 

Al Gore

Resistance Recommendations

In April 2025, former Vice President Al Gore delivered a powerful keynote at San Francisco Climate Week, issuing a stark warning about the Trump administration's authoritarian tactics. He drew parallels between the administration's manipulation of truth and the early strategies employed by Nazi Germany, emphasizing the dangers of undermining factual reality for political gain. Gore highlighted specific falsehoods propagated by the administration, such as denying climate change and spreading misinformation about renewable energy, asserting that these tactics threaten the foundation of democracy.

Gore urged citizens to actively resist these authoritarian tendencies by standing up for truth and democratic principles. He emphasized the importance of civic engagement, encouraging individuals to speak out against disinformation and support policies that uphold environmental and democratic integrity. By drawing lessons from history, Gore stressed the necessity of vigilance and collective action to safeguard the nation's constitutional values.

 

Vision for the United States

Al Gore envisions a United States that leads the global fight against climate change through innovation, economic opportunity, and social justice. He believes that despite federal setbacks, momentum for climate action is "unstoppable," driven by states, cities, businesses, and a new generation committed to sustainability.

Gore advocates for a transition to a clean energy economy, emphasizing that such a shift not only addresses environmental concerns but also offers significant economic

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benefits. He points to the declining costs of renewable energy and the growing demand for sustainable practices as indicators of this inevitable transformation. Gore also highlights the role of technological advancements, such as real-time emissions tracking through initiatives like Climate TRACE, in empowering informed decision-making and accountability.

In his vision, the United States embraces its role as a global leader in combating climate change, fostering a resilient economy, and upholding democratic ideals. Gore calls for a united effort to protect the planet for future generations, emphasizing that political will is a renewable resource that must be harnessed to achieve these goals.

 

Stuart Stevens

Resistance Recommendations

Stuart Stevens, a veteran Republican strategist and senior advisor to The Lincoln Project, has been a vocal critic of the GOP's shift towards authoritarianism. In his 2023 book, The Conspiracy to End America: Five Ways My Old Party Is Driving Our Democracy to Autocracy, Stevens outlines how the Republican Party has embraced tactics that threaten democratic institutions.

In 2025, Stevens continues to emphasize the importance of confronting these authoritarian tendencies. He warns against initiatives like Project 2025, backed by right-wing extremist groups, which he describes as a blueprint for turning America into an autocracy. Stevens urges citizens to stay informed, vote, and actively participate in the democratic process to safeguard constitutional values.

 

Vision for the United States

Stevens envisions a United States where democracy is robust, and citizens are actively engaged in governance. He advocates for a return to common sense in politics, emphasizing unity over division and the importance of truth and integrity in leadership. Stevens believes that acknowledging past mistakes and striving for a more inclusive and equitable society are essential steps toward healing and progress.

Through his work with The Lincoln Project and other platforms, Stevens continues to champion democratic ideals and encourages Americans to uphold the principles upon which the nation was founded.

 

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Nick Hanauer

Resistance Recommendations

Nick Hanauer, a venture capitalist and progressive advocate, emphasizes that the erosion of democracy in the United States is closely tied to extreme economic inequality. He argues that decades of "trickle-down" economics have not only failed to deliver broad prosperity but have also destabilized democratic institutions. Hanauer warns that when the vast majority of citizens feel economically disenfranchised, it creates fertile ground for authoritarian movements to take hold.

To counter this trend, Hanauer advocates for a "middle-out" economic approach, which focuses on empowering the middle class as the primary driver of economic growth. He believes that policies aimed at reducing inequality—such as fair wages, progressive taxation, and robust public services—are essential not only for economic health but also for preserving democratic norms. Hanauer stresses that active civic engagement and informed policymaking are crucial in resisting authoritarian tendencies.

Vision for the United States

Hanauer envisions a United States where economic policy prioritizes the well-being of the majority rather than the wealth accumulation of the few. He supports a "middle-out" economic model that invests in education, infrastructure, and healthcare to build a resilient middle class. Hanauer argues that such investments lead to sustainable economic growth and a more equitable society.

In his writings and public appearances, Hanauer highlights the staggering impact of income inequality, noting that since 1975, nearly $80 trillion has been transferred from the bottom 90% of Americans to the top 1%. He contends that reversing this trend is imperative for both economic stability and the preservation of democratic institutions. Hanauer calls for bold policy reforms that address systemic disparities and promote inclusive prosperity.

 

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Women in Society: Historical

Suppression, Religion, and Modern

Leadership

 

1. Historical Suppression of Women in Europe and the

Middle East

Europe – Political and Cultural Oppression: For centuries, European societies were overwhelmingly patriarchal. Power and property were held by men, and women’s roles were largely restricted to the domestic sphere as daughters, wives, and mothers

coe.int . Social and legal conventions were designed for the benefit of men, leaving

women disadvantaged in most realms of lifeschlagergroup.com. In ancient Greece and Rome, for example, women could not vote or hold public office, and under English common law married women had no independent legal identity (the doctrine of coverture). Such norms persisted into the modern era – women across Europe lacked suffrage, equal education, or economic rights until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Early feminists like Olympe de Gouges (executed in 1793 for demanding women’s equality in revolutionary France) and Christine de Pizan (writing in 15th-century Italy) were exceptions that prove the rule: historically, European women’s voices were

marginalized or silenced by law and customcoe.intcoe.int. It was not until the mid-19th to early 20th centuries that organized women’s movements in Europe won major

victories such as property rights and the right to votecoe.int.

 

Middle East – Tradition and Patriarchy: In the Middle East, women’s suppression also has deep historical roots in patriarchal traditions. Most ancient Middle Eastern civilizations were patriarchal, with men holding authority in family and public life

schlagergroup.com. Cultural norms of female seclusion and modesty took hold over centuries – for instance, practices like veiling and limiting women’s presence in public were common in many Middle Eastern societies well before modern times. Under the Ottoman Empire and later, women were largely secluded from political life; an observer noted that prior to the 1950s “women were marginalized and secluded…

and there was no female participation in public life” in countries like Tunisia e-ir.info. Well into the 20th century, women in the region lacked basic rights to education, employment, and political participation. Many legal systems in Middle Eastern countries formally enshrined men’s authority over women (e.g. requiring a husband’s permission for a woman to work or travel). Even very recently, some Gulf Arab states

 

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completely excluded women from political life – for example, Saudi Arabia only granted women the right to vote and run for office in 2015, reflecting how

entrenched their disenfranchisement wascoe.int. In short, across both Europe and the Middle East, a mix of political structures (male monarchs, tribal patriarchy), cultural beliefs about women’s “proper” place, and societal norms valorizing male dominance led to the historic suppression of women’s rights.

 

2. The Role of Christianity and Islam in Women’s

Suppression

Christianity’s Influence: Organized Christianity has played a significant role in reinforcing patriarchal norms in Europe and beyond. For much of history, Christian institutions barred women from positions of authority and used religious doctrine to justify women’s subordination. The Church preached that women should be obedient helpmates – drawing on Biblical passages like “wives, submit to your husbands.” Indeed, Christianity has a long “history of manipulating the Bible to reinforce patriarchy, in which men are seen as spiritual leaders and women are to submit to their authority.” This led to the exclusion of women from leadership roles and the dismissal

of their voices and talents within the Churchchristiansforsocialaction.org. For example, the Catholic Church has never permitted women to become priests, and many Protestant denominations also long resisted female clergy. Such theological interpretations effectively sanctified the existing social order in which men ruled over women. Throughout the medieval and early modern periods, Church teachings often depicted women as morally or intellectually inferior – echoing Aristotle’s view (adopted by influential Christian theologians) that women were naturally the property of men and

created for men’s serviceen.wikipedia.org. These religious attitudes perpetuated laws against women owning property, the idea of women as “temptresses” (fueling phenomena like witch hunts), and other forms of misogyny. While Christianity also has diverse traditions (and some sects, especially in recent times, endorse gender equality), the historical record shows that Christian authorities frequently aligned with cultural patriarchy rather than challenging it. The result was to legitimize women’s oppression

as part of a divinely ordained orderchristiansforsocialaction.org.

 

Islam’s Influence: In the Middle East and North Africa, Islam is often intertwined with cultural practices in ways that have contributed to the suppression of women – although it’s important to distinguish religious doctrine from cultural tradition. Islam, especially in conservative interpretations, has been used by authorities to justify gender inequality. Many Muslim-majority countries enforce personal status laws and social codes derived from traditional readings of sharia that put women in a subordinate position (for instance, requiring male “guardians” for women, unequal

 

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inheritance rights, polygyny for men, strict dress codes for women). As one analysis notes, “many Muslims and Muslim governments appropriate Islamic text to justify discrimination against women and to impose social and legal restrictions on women’s

rights and freedoms.” arabcenterdc.org In practice, this has meant that certain Quranic verses or hadith are cited to bar women from leadership, education, or mobility. For example, conservative clerics have enforced bans on women driving, justified child marriage, or opposed women working outside the home, all under the banner of religious adherence. Islamist regimes (such as Saudi Arabia’s theocracy or the Taliban in Afghanistan) explicitly mandate female dress and behavior based on their interpretation of Islam, severely curtailing women’s public presence. Historically, figures like the jurist Al-Ghazali argued that a woman’s primary duty was to obey her husband and remain at home, reflecting how religious scholarship often skewed toward patriarchal norms. It must be said that these restrictions are interpretations – many scholars argue the Quran and early Islamic history granted women rights (to own property, to consent in marriage, etc.) that were advanced for their time. However, the prevailing traditionalist view in much of the region linked piety with female subservience. The result has been legal codes and societal expectations in many Muslim-majority countries that systematically put men in control. Whether it is requiring a woman to have a male guardian’s permission for travel (as in Saudi Arabia until recently) or giving fathers automatic advantage in child custody,

the “misogynistic readings of Islam” have had lasting influencearabcenterdc.org. In summary, while Islam – like Christianity – has diverse interpretations, its patriarchal interpretations have been used to constrain women’s freedoms and justify an unequal status quo in the Middle East.

 

3. Benefits Women Bring to Politics and Leadership

Modern research and real-world experience indicate that women’s inclusion in leadership yields significant benefits for governance, organizations, and society at large. A growing body of evidence points to several key advantages of women in political and executive roles:

• More Effective Governance & Economic Gains: Women’s leadership is

linked to improved policy outcomes and economic growth. When more

women hold political power, governments tend to enact family-friendly and

inclusive policies (such as paid family leave, equal pay laws, and social welfare

programs) that benefit society broadly. In fact, a study found that a 10

percentage-point increase in women’s parliamentary representation is

associated with a 0.7 percentage-point increase in GDP growth –

suggesting that empowering women politically can boost national prosperity

weforum.org. Countries with greater female representation also consistently

implement gender-equal labor policies that increase workforce participation

and productivityweforum.org. In short, having women in politics isn’t just about

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representation; it can translate into tangible economic and developmental

gains.

• Integrity and Lower Corruption: Women in public office often help foster

cleaner, more transparent governance. Multiple studies indicate that higher

proportions of women in government correlate with lower levels of corruption

warpreventioninitiative.orgwarpreventioninitiative.org. One cross-country analysis even concluded that

female politicians are consistently less corrupt than male politicians in

environments where corruption is stigmatizedoccrp.org. Women leaders are

frequently perceived as more trustworthy and ethical, and they may be more

likely to push for accountability. As a result, societies with more women in

power tend to enjoy better governance and higher public trust. This integrity

dividend also links to stability – less corrupt governments are better able to

maintain peace and invest in social goods.

• Peace and Stability: Women’s leadership has been associated with more

peaceful outcomes, both within countries and on the international stage.

Research in peace and conflict studies finds that countries with higher gender

equality (more women in parliament and leadership) are less likely to resort

to military force to resolve disputescfr.org. Women leaders, on average,

prioritize issues of social welfare and exhibit strong negotiation and conflict-

resolution skillswarpreventioninitiative.org. A recent global study found that states with

more women in government are more peaceful and that women’s participation

has an indirect effect of reducing conflict through lowering corruption

warpreventioninitiative.org. Moreover, when women participate in peace negotiations, the

resulting agreements are more durable – one UN study notes peace deals

are 35% more likely to last 15 years if women are involved in the negotiating

processcfr.org. This evidence underscores that women leaders often bring an

inclusive, consensus-building approach that can reduce societal tensions and

build lasting stability.

• Enhanced Organizational Performance and Collaboration: In the corporate

and organizational realm, numerous studies have found that female leaders

tend to excel at fostering teamwork, mentorship, and innovation. Decades of

research summarized by the American Psychological Association show

that women leaders help increase productivity, enhance collaboration,

inspire organizational dedication, and improve fairness in the workplace

linkedin.com . Teams with women in leadership report higher collective intelligence

and better team dynamics. Female executives often adopt a more democratic

and inclusive management style, which can unlock employees’ potential and

boost morale. For instance, one analysis found companies with more women

in senior management are more innovative and handle risk better, contributing

to better financial performance in certain sectors. While leadership ability is

individual, on average women score highly on key leadership competencies

such as taking initiative, resilience, self-development, and driving for results (as

 

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some 360-degree leadership evaluations have shown). These strengths benefit

organizations of all kinds.

• Focus on Social Issues and Long-Term Priorities: Women policymakers are

often strong advocates for issues that benefit families and underrepresented

groups – such as health care, education, poverty reduction, and childcare.

Greater representation of women has been linked to more legislation

addressing w weforum.org omen’s rights, children’s welfare, and social inclusion. For

example, women legislators worldwide have been instrumental in pushing for

laws on domestic violence, maternal health, and equal employment

opportunity. This focus on human development areas can lead governments to

invest more in public health and education, improving overall human capital.

Female leaders also tend to take the long view on issues like environmental

sustainability and climate change, arguably because they may be less tied to

status-quo power structures and more attuned to community well-being. The

benefit to society is a more responsive and holistic policy agenda.

In sum, the presence of women in leadership broadens the perspectives in decision-making and often leads to more socially responsive, transparent, and compassionate governance. These benefits are increasingly backed by data – from macroeconomic

growth linked to women in parliamentweforum.org to lower conflict and corruption in

countries with more women leaderswarpreventioninitiative.org. As one expert put it, having women in charge isn’t just right, it’s smart policy for achieving better outcomes for all.

 

4. Differences in Women’s Leadership Styles vs. Men’s

While leadership styles vary widely among individuals, research has identified some general tendencies that distinguish women’s leadership approaches from men’s. On average, women leaders exhibit a style that is more collaborative, empathetic, and transformational. A landmark meta-analysis by psychologist Alice Eagly and others found “considerable evidence that female leaders have a somewhat more participative, androgynous, and transformational leadership style than their male counterparts.” Women in leadership were more likely to involve others in decision-making and to motivate through inspiration and mentorship rather than

top-down commands cambridgemc.com. By contrast, male leaders have traditionally skewed slightly more toward transactional or authoritarian styles (emphasizing hierarchy, rules, and unilateral decision-making), though of course there are many exceptions.

 

Women’s leadership styles often prioritize communication, cooperation, and the development of subordinates. Female leaders are frequently noted for their strength in “soft skills” – qualities like active listening, empathy, emotional intelligence, and

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coaching. These skills help build trust within teams. As Eagly’s research concludes, women tend to lead with a focus on compassionate and ethical outcomes, aiming

to “promote the public good” in their decisionscambridgemc.com. In practical terms, this might mean women leaders are more apt to seek consensus, to consider the human impact of policies, and to foster inclusive environments. For example, in corporate settings, surveys find female managers more likely to encourage participation from all team members and to take employees’ personal circumstances into account. One veteran who worked under dozens of managers observed that women leaders “consistently promoted collaborative teamwork over individual heroics... Their leadership style tended to be more inclusive, considering team members as

whole individuals rather than just productive units.” linkedin.com This holistic, people-centered approach can boost morale and loyalty.

 

Another common observation is that women often excel in transformational leadership – a style defined by motivating others through a shared vision, providing support and mentoring, and leading by example. Women are now seen as equally or even more competent than men in such transformational capacities according to

many evaluationslinkedin.com. They tend to give constructive feedback and reward performance (rather than rely on fear or micromanagement). Men, on the other hand, have been found in some studies to engage in laissez-faire (hands-off) leadership more than women, or to use directive command styles slightly more. Women are also somewhat more likely to exhibit democratic leadership, consulting others and building consensus. This doesn’t mean women avoid making tough decisions – rather, they often approach decisions by gathering input and aiming for buy-in, which can lead to more informed and accepted outcomes.

 

It’s important to avoid stereotypes: not all women lead one way and all men another. There is tremendous overlap, and context matters. However, on balance, female leaders are often described as more empathetic, nurturing, and oriented toward long-term relationship-building, whereas male leaders are often described as more competitive, assertive, or risk-taking. Notably, qualities traditionally branded as “soft” have proven to be incredibly important in modern leadership. The World Economic Forum has emphasized that emotional intelligence, creativity, and people management – areas where women score strongly – are vital skills for 21st-century

leaderscambridgemc.com. Meanwhile, studies have found no significant difference in overall effectiveness ratings; in fact, some surveys during the COVID-19 crisis rated women leaders higher on decisive action and communication.

 

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In summary, women’s leadership styles typically differ by being more cooperative and

transformational, focusing on team empowerment and ethical outcomescambridgemc.com. These differences can yield workplaces and governments that are more inclusive and responsive. As organizations and electorates seek leaders who can navigate complex human challenges, the distinctive strengths that many women bring to leadership have become increasingly salient.

 

5. Women Heads of State: Examples and Comparisons of

Outcomes

Women today serve as presidents or prime ministers in a number of countries, providing real-world case studies of leadership at the national level. However, they remain relatively rare. As of early 2025, only 25 countries have a woman as head of state or government (in total 28 women leaders, since a few countries have both a

female president and prime minister), out of nearly 200 nationsunwomen.org. This means the vast majority of countries are still led by men. Nevertheless, examining those led by women – and comparing national indicators – offers insight into how female leadership stacks up. Below are contemporary examples of female-led countries and some key outcomes (economic performance, social stability, international rankings) relative to male-led peers:

Country (Female

Leader) Economic Outcomes Social / Global Indicators

COVID-19 mortality ~50% lower than the

average in male-led countries

Avoided worst economic fallout of theguardian.com (thanks to early decisive

New Zealand (PM COVID-19; quick lockdowns led to one of response); Global Peace Index 2022: Jacinda Ardern, 2017– the shortest recessions and a strong 5.6% Ranked 2nd most peaceful nation

2023) GDP growth rebound in 2021. visionofhumanity.org.

Significant social progress: improved

public health and education outcomes.

Rapid GDP growth ~6–7% annually in the The country’s transformation is driven “in

past decade – outpacing male-led large part by the empowerment of

Pakistan by ~2.5 percentage points per women,” according to analystsbrookings.edu.

Bangladesh (PM yearbrookings.edu. Bangladesh’s per-capita (Female garment workers and NGO-led Sheikh Hasina, 2009– income surpassed Pakistan’s, reflecting its girls’ education are often credited for

present) economic boombrookings.edu. development gains.)

Consistently #1 in the World Economic

Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index (Iceland has topped the index 13

years running)weforum.org; Ranked the most

High prosperity with GDP per capita over peaceful country globally (GPI #1 in

Iceland (PM Katrín $55,000. Steady growth and recovery from 2022)visionofhumanity.org. Iceland’s society is one Jakobsdóttir, 2017– the 2008 financial crisis under strong of the most socially stable and egalitarian present) social welfare policies. in the world.

 

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Country (Female

Leader) Economic Outcomes Social / Global Indicators

Tied for #1 least corrupt country in the

Robust economy (high-income, low world (Transparency International index)

unemployment). Handled COVID-19 with during her tenureoccrp.org; Among top 5 on

Denmark (PM Mette minimal long-term economic damage; Global Peace Index 2022visionofhumanity.org. Frederiksen, 2019– GDP quickly regained pre-pandemic Denmark also ranks among the happiest present) levels. nations, reflecting strong social cohesion.

Known for political stability and effective

crisis management. During the COVID-19

Europe’s largest economy grew ~1.8% on pandemic, Germany (with Merkel at the

average annually under Merkel (solid for a helm) had lower death rates than many

mature economy). Navigated the 2008 peer countries like the UK or US

financial crisis and eurozone debt crisis theguardian.com. Germany also consistently with minimal increase in unemployment. ranked high in international influence and

Germany (Chancellor Germany’s stability and growth over 16 had a strong global reputation under Angela Merkel, 2005– years earned it a reputation as an Merkel’s steady, evidence-driven 2021) economic anchor of Europe. leadership style.

 

Table: Examples of female-led countries and select outcomes. These nations illustrate that women-led governments often perform as well as or better than male-led peers on key indicators.

 

Across these examples, a pattern emerges: countries led by women are frequently among the world’s top performers in terms of peace, stability, and social well-being. Notably, in 2023 the world’s three “happiest” countries – Finland, Denmark, and

Iceland – were all led by womenwomensagenda.com.auwomensagenda.com.au. (Finland’s Prime Minister Sanna Marin, Denmark’s Mette Frederiksen, and Iceland’s Katrín Jakobsdóttir oversaw societies with high trust and quality of life.) In fact, 5 of the top 20 happiest countries

that year had female heads of governmentwomensagenda.com.au, far exceeding the global share of women leaders.

Female-led nations also stood out in their response to the COVID-19 crisis. An analysis of 194 countries in 2020 found that those led by women had “systematically and significantly better” COVID outcomes, with approximately half the number of

deaths theguardian.com compared to countries led by men. Leaders like Jacinda Ardern in New Zealand and Angela Merkel in Germany acted decisively with early lockdowns and transparent public communication, resulting in lower fatalities and faster

containment of the virustheguardian.comtheguardian.com. This suggests that the leadership style often exhibited by women – cautious, science-based, and empathetic – paid off during an unprecedented global emergency.

 

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Of course, female heads of state are not a magic bullet for all problems. Many factors (economic structure, institutions, culture, etc.) influence a country’s outcomes. There have been women leaders of countries that still struggled (for example, Liz Truss’s brief tenure in the UK coincided with economic turmoil, though her term was exceptionally short). Moreover, some male-led countries also excel on various indicators. However, broad trends and these contemporary examples indicate that women-led countries perform as well as, and often better than, male-led countries on measures of good governance, economic growth, and social stability. Female leaders have guided nations to prosperity (Bangladesh’s economic rise), championed equality and happiness (Nordic countries), maintained peace (New Zealand, Iceland), and handled crises effectively (COVID responses). In comparative rankings – whether it’s corruption perceptions, peace indexes, or human development – countries with women at the helm are frequently among the leaders

of the packoccrp.orgvisionofhumanity.org. This strong performance undermines any traditional argument that women are unsuited for the top jobs; on the contrary, it showcases the valuable contributions women make when entrusted with national leadership.

 

6. Women Shaping the Future Globally

Women are increasingly playing transformative roles on the global stage, shaping the future of politics, business, science, and social movements. Although gender gaps persist, the trajectory is toward greater female influence in solving the world’s biggest challenges. Here are some key ways women are driving the future globally:

• Global Leadership and Institutions: More women than ever are leading

prominent global and regional institutions. For instance, Christine

Lagarde heads the European Central Bank, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is Director-

General of the World Trade Organization, and Ursula von der Leyen is

President of the European Commission. These women are steering

international economic and political policies for billions of people. At the

United Nations, women occupy senior roles and push forward agendas on

human rights and sustainable development. The increased visibility of women

in such positions is inspiring a new generation and slowly normalizing female

authority in international affairs. As of 2025, 28 women serve as heads of state

or government around the world – including in major economies and smaller

nations alikeunwomen.org. Their voices in forums like the G20, African Union, and

UN Security Council ensure that global decisions increasingly reflect women’s

perspectives. This is crucial for issues like gender equality, but also for broader

topics (trade, climate, peace) where diverse viewpoints lead to better

outcomes.

• Peace and Security: Women are shaping the future of peace and conflict

resolution. There is growing recognition that women’s participation is vital to

ending wars and building stable societies. Female peacebuilders and

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negotiators – whether formally at negotiation tables or informally in

communities – are making a difference. In Colombia, for example, women

played an important role in the peace process with the FARC, pushing for

inclusion of victims’ rights and gender-based violence issues in the agreement.

Globally, movements like Women, Peace & Security (anchored by U.N.