DYNAMISM by GEORGE MARTIN WILLIAMS - HTML preview
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BOOK TWO:
RIGHTEOUSNESS!
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John 16:9-11
King James Version
8 And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment: 9 Of sin, because they believe not on me;
10 Of righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye see me no more; 11 Of judgment, because the prince of this world is judged.
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'OF RIGHTEOUSNESS,
BECAUSE I GO TO MY FATHER,
AND YE SEE ME NO MORE.'
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Revelation 5:1-7
King James Version
5 And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a book written within and on the backside, sealed with seven seals.
2 And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof?
3 And no man in heaven, nor in earth, neither under the earth, was able to open the book, neither to look thereon.
4 And I wept much, because no man was found worthy to open and to read the book, neither to look thereon.
5 And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof.
6 And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne and of the four beasts, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as it had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth.
7 And he came and took the book out of the right hand of him that sat upon the throne.
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THE LAMB WILL REVEAL THE TRUTH THAT COMES FROM GOD!
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The Millennium Problems: The Seven Greatest
Unsolved Mathematical Puzzles of Our Time
[Reviewed by David Roberts, on 02/7/2003]
The Millennium Problems: The Seven Greatest Unsolved Mathematical Puzzles of Our Time [Reviewed by David Roberts, on 02/7/2003] In May 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute elevated seven long-standing open problems in mathematics to the status of "Millennium Prize Problems," endowing each with a million-dollar prize. The seven particular problems were chosen in part because of their difficulty, but even more so because of their central importance to modern mathematics. The problems and the corresponding general areas of mathematics are as follows.
1
The Riemann Hypothesis
Number Theory
2
Yang-Mills Existence and Mass Gap
Mathematical Physics
3
The P versus NP problem
Computer Science
4
Navier-Stokes Existence and Smoothness
Mathematical Physics
5
The Poincaré Conjecture
Topology
6
The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture
Number Theory
7
The Hodge Conjecture
Algebraic Geometry
In The Millennium Problems, Keith Devlin aims to communicate the essence of these seven problems to a broad readership. It is, of course, a very ambitious goal. The preface makes it clear what Devlin's ground rules are. First he assumes only "a good high school knowledge of mathematics." Second, he is writing "not for those who want to tackle one of the problems, but for readers — mathematician and non-mathematician alike — who are curious about the current state at the frontiers of humankind's oldest body of scientific knowledge." He is clear that the readership drives the level of the book, so that precise statements of the problems will not always be given.
Rather the goal is "to provide the background to each problem, to describe how it arose, explain what makes it particularly difficult, and give... some sense of why mathematicians regard it as important."
After the short preface, the book has an interesting Chapter 0, and then one chapter for each problem in the above order. These seven chapters are constructed similarly. Most have a long historical component, generally including biographical information about the person or persons after whom the conjecture is named. Each has substantial background mathematical information, with topics ranging from complex numbers in Chapter 1 and group theory in Chapter 2 to congruences in Chapter 6 and algebraic varieties in Chapter 7. Applications are emphasized when possible. A nice theme in Chapters 2 and 4 is that mathematicians are behind physicists and engineers and just trying to catch up. Each chapter concludes with a discussion of the millennium problem itself.
Chapter 5 illustrates how Devlin ties the various units of a chapter into a coherent narrative. It begins with four pages about the life and work of Henri Poincaré. It moves on to introduce "rubber sheet geometry" in terms of how subway maps and refrigerator wiring diagrams are not geometrically faithful to the physical objects they represent, but nonetheless clearly capture all relevant information. This unit is important as it will make readers feel that topology is natural, rather than weird. Chapter 5 next introduces the concepts of vertices, edges, faces and finally Euler characteristic in terms of the Königsberg bridge problem. It introduces non-orientable surfaces and makes the introduction of an ambient four-space seem natural, since it is necessary for an embedding of the Klein bottle. It topologically classifies closed surfaces first crudely in terms of their orientability, and then completely in terms of networks drawn upon them and the Euler characteristic of these networks. It gives a very attractive example of two seemingly linked rings that in fact can be pulled apart. This example shows the reader that not everything is geometrically obvious, and thus underscores the utility of algebraic invariants that can rigorously confirm that two objects are topologically different. It discusses how the ordinary two-sphere is characterized among all closed surfaces by having the property that any loop on it can be shrunk continuously to a point. Finally, by way of this two-dimensional analogy, it discusses the actual three-dimensional Poincaré conjecture.
The strain imposed by the challenge of communicating all seven millennium problems to a broad readership naturally shows at times. In the Navier-Stokes chapter, for example, the background mathematical information presented is calculus and specifically differentiation. Readers are instructed that "dy/dx" is to be read "dee-wye by dee-ex." Some seven pages later, the Navier-Stokes equations themselves are presented. They are four coupled non-linear partial differential equations in four independent variables. The exposition is gentle, but readers new to calculus will only understand at a superficial level. The strain is felt somewhat more in Chapter 6
and particularly so in Chapter 7. But these various strains are unavoidable, and I think in general Devlin has done a very good job giving general readers a feel for the seven millennium problems.
https://maa.org/press/maa-reviews/the-millennium-problems-the-seven-greatest-unsolved-mathematical-puzzles-of-our-time
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THE SECOND SEAL: A UNIVERSAL DIMENSION
MODEL
WHEN GOD COMBINED HIS PURE ESSENCE WITH THE VOID, HE DID NOT JUST CREATE:
• MATTER
• ENERGY
• SPACE
• TIME
HE ALSO CREATED TWO TYPES OF DIMENSIONS:
1. UNIVERSAL DIMENSIONS
2. PARALLEL UNIVERSE DIMENSIONS
UNIVERSAL DIMENSIONS
NEUTRINOS ARE THE ONLY COMPONENTS OF THE VOID. NEUTRINOS ARE SO SMALL THAT THERE ARE
INFINITE AMOUNTS OF THEM WITHIN THE SPACE OCCUPIED BY A HYDROGEN ATOM.
BUT IN OUR UNIVERSE THERE ARE VAST SECTIONS OF SEEMINGLY EMPTY SPACE.
EVEN THE ATOMS ARE MOSTLY EMPTY SPACE.
SO WHAT DID GOD DO WITH ALL OF THOSE INFINITELY MANY NEUTRINOS THAT ORIGINALLY OCCUPIED
THE SPACE OF THAT ATOM?
HE CREATED INFINITELY MANY COPIES OF THAT ATOM.
EVERY COPY OF EACH ATOM IS IN ITS OWN UNIVERSE.
BUT WE ONLY NEED FIVE OF THOSE ATOMS FOR OUR OWN UNIVERSE.
ONE ATOM GOES INTO EACH OF THESE FIVE DIMENSIONS:
1. PURE ENERGY DIMENSION
2. CREATIVE ENERGY DIMENSION
3. MENTAL ENERGY DIMENSION
4. EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION
5. PHYSICAL ENERGY DIMENSION
THESE FIVE DIMENSIONS TOGETHER COMPRISE ONE UNIVERSE.
PARALLEL DIMENSIONS WITHIN A MULTIVERSE
THERE ARE INFINITELY MANY OTHER COPIES OF THAT ATOM. OUR UNIVERSE ONLY NEEDS FIVE OF
THEM. WHERE DID THE REST GO?
IT TAKES A SET OF FIVE ATOMS, EACH OF THEM GOING INTO A DIFFERENT DIMENSION, TO CREATE A UNIVERSE.
THERE ARE INFINITELY MANY SETS OF FIVE ATOMS; THEREFORE THERE ARE INFINITELY MANY SETS OF
THESE FIVE DIMENSION UNIVERSES.
THESE INFINITELY MANY UNIVERSES COMPRISE THE MULTIVERSE.
THE MULTIVERSE CONSISTS OF INFINITELY MANY UNIVERSES THAT ARE ALL IN PARALLEL WITH EACH
OTHER.
HOW DID GOD DO THIS?
IMAGINE THAT THE MULTIVERSE IS A SPHERE. LOOKING AT A FIXED SPHERE FROM A FIXED
PERSPECTIVE, THE SPHERE JUST LOOKS LIKE A CIRCLE.
I CAN DRAW A LINE FROM ANY POINT ON THE CIRCLE, THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE CIRCLE, AND TO
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE CIRCLE.
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THAT ONE LINE REPRESENTS A FIVE DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE.
THE TWO DIMENSIONAL LINE DRAWN THROUGH THE CIRCLE REPRESENTS A 'PLANE' DRAWN THROUGH
THE SPHERE.
IT IS ACTUALLY THIS 'PLANE' WHICH REPRESENTS THE FIVE DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE.
I CAN DRAW MANY LINES FROM ONE SIDE OF THE CIRCLE, THROUGH THE CENTER, TO THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE CIRCLE.
I CAN SHIFT MY PERSPECTIVE MANY TIMES, TO LOOK AT THE SPHERE FROM DIFFERENT ANGLES, AND
EACH TIME I WILL SEE A DIFFERENT CIRCLE.
EACH TIME THAT I SHIFT MY PERSPECTIVE AND SEE A DIFFERENT CIRCLE, I CAN DRAW MANY LINES
FROM ONE SIDE OF THE CIRCLE THROUGH THE CENTER, TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE CIRCLE AND THUS
CREATE ANOTHER UNIVERSE.
BUT THE NUMBER OF UNIVERSES THAT I CAN FIGURATIVELY CREATE IN THIS WAY IS LIMITED.
GOD CAN DRAW INFINITELY MANY LINES THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE CIRCLE FROM ANY ONE
PERSPECTIVE.
GOD CAN ALSO LOOK AT THE SPHERE FROM INFINITELY MANY DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES, SEEING A DIFFERENT CIRCLE EACH TIME.
EVERY LINE DRAWN THROUGH THE CIRCLE, REPRESENTS A 'PLANE' DRAWN THROUGH THE SPHERE, AND A FIVE DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE.
IN THIS WAY GOD CREATED INFINITELY MANY UNIVERSES WITHIN THIS ONE SPHERE.
THE UNIVERSES ARE ALL IN 'PARALLEL' WITH EACH OTHER BECAUSE THEY ALL INTERSECT AT THE
CENTER.
EVERY ATOM IN THIS PHYSICAL DIMENSION OF OUR UNIVERSE, HAS A COPY IN EACH OF THE FIVE
DIMENSIONS OF EACH 'PARALLEL' UNIVERSE.
OF COURSE, THE TERM 'PARALLEL' UNIVERSE IS FIGURATIVELY MEANT TO MEAN UNIVERSES THAT ARE
'BESIDE' EACH OTHER; AND NOT THE STRICTEST SENSE OF THE MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION FOR
'PARALLEL'.
THE UNIVERSAL SPHERE
THE UNIVERSES ARE SPHERES. THIS MEANS THAT THE FLAT CIRCULAR PLANE WHICH REPRESENTS
EACH UNIVERSE WILL EXPAND INTO A SPHERE.
IN FACT IT EXPANDS INTO FIVE SPHERES, EACH OF THE FIVE SPHERES REPRESENTS A DIMENSION.
SPHERE
DIMENSION
DIAMETER
.
.
.
FIFTH
PURE ENERGY
5
FOURTH
CREATIVE ENERGY
4
THIRD
MENTAL ENERGY
3
SECOND
EMOTIONAL ENERGY
2
FIRST
PHYSICAL ENERGY
1
THE FIRST SPHERE IS THE PHYSICAL ENERGY DIMENSION AND HAS A DIAMETER OF OUR PHYSICAL
ENERGY UNIVERSE.
THE SECOND SPHERE CONTAINS THE FIRST SPHERE; IT IS THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION AND IT
HAS TWICE THE DIAMETER OF OUR PHYSICAL ENERGY UNIVERSE.
THE THIRD SPHERE CONTAINS THE SECOND SPHERE; IT IS THE MENTAL ENERGY DIMENSION AND IT
HAS THREE TIMES THE DIAMETER OF OUR PHYSICAL ENERGY UNIVERSE.
THE FOURTH SPHERE CONTAINS THE THIRD SPHERE; IT IS THE CREATIVE ENERGY DIMENSION AND IT
HAS FOUR TIMES THE DIAMETER OF OUR PHYSICAL ENERGY UNIVERSE.
THE FIFTH SPHERE CONTAINS THE FOURTH SPHERE; IT IS THE PURE ENERGY DIMENSION AND IT HAS
FIVE TIMES THE DIAMETER OF OUR PHYSICAL ENERGY UNIVERSE.
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EVERY DIMENSION IS IDENTICAL TO EVERY OTHER, ATOM FOR ATOM, NEUTRINO FOR NEUTRINO, PHOTON FOR PHOTON.
FROM A PURELY SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE;
• THE CENTER OF THE SPHERE IS A ZERO DIMENSIONAL DOT.
• THE LINE THROUGH THE CENTER IS ONE DIMENSIONAL.
• THE LINE EXPANDS TO THE PLANE WHICH IS TWO DIMENSIONAL.
• THE PLANE EXPANDS TO THE SPHERE WHICH IS THREE DIMENSIONAL.
THE PURELY SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE IS THE BASIS FOR MATHEMATICAL TOPOLOGY. BUT MATHEMATICAL
TOPOLOGY HAS NO PRACTICAL VALUE TO THE REST OF MATHEMATICS, AND NO VALUE AT ALL TO
PHYSICS.
FOR TOPOLOGY TO HAVE ANY PRACTICAL VALUE TO THE REST OF MATHEMATICS, AND TO PHYSICS, IT
HAS TO INCLUDE THE DIMENSION OF TIME TO BECOME A SPACE-TIME TOPOLOGY RATHER THAN JUST A PURELY SPATIAL TOPOLOGY. BY INTRODUCING 'TIME' AS A DIMENSION; IT BECOMES POSSIBLE TO
RELATE SPACE TO MOTION.
BOTH TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION REPRESENTS SOME TYPE OF CHANGE IN SPACE OVER
TIME. TIME ITSELF DOES NOT EXIST EXCEPT AS A MEASUREMENT OF CHANGE. THIS IS WHY THE
UNCHANGING VOID THAT SURROUNDS OUR MULTIVERSE IS TIMELESS.
THEREFORE, TO ADD A FOURTH DIMENSION TO THE ABOVE, I WILL UPDATE THE LIST TO INCLUDE THE
DIMENSION OF TIME.
• THE CENTER OF THE SPHERE IS A ZERO DIMENSIONAL DOT.
• THE LINE THROUGH THE CENTER IS ONE DIMENSIONAL.
• THE LINE EXPANDS TO THE PLANE WHICH IS TWO DIMENSIONAL.
• THE PLANE EXPANDS TO THE SPHERE WHICH IS THREE DIMENSIONAL.
• THE SPHERE CAN BE ROTATED OR TRANSLATED THROUGH TIME WHICH IS FOUR DIMENSIONAL.
THE MODEL THEN ALLOWS FOR INFINITE PARALLEL UNIVERSES BY ALLOWING FOR INFINITE DIFFERENT
ANGLES FOR EACH SPHERE. THIS SIMPLIFICATION OF THE MODEL, SO THAT EACH PARALLEL UNIVERSE
IS REPRESENTED BY A SNAPSHOT OF A ROTATING SPHERE; MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO VIEW ALL OF THE
INFINITELY MANY POSSIBILITIES WITHOUT HAVING TO CHANGE THE FIXED PERSPECTIVE FROM WHICH
THE SPHERE IS BEING VIEWED. ANY REASONABLE NUMBERING SYSTEM CAN BE USED TO CLASSIFY THE
DIFFERENT ANGLES WHICH REPRESENT DIFFERENT PARALLEL UNIVERSES.
PARALLEL DIMENSIONS WITHIN A MULTIVERSE
ALL FIVE DIMENSIONS OCCUPY THE SAME SPACE. JUST AS ALL OF THE INFINITELY MANY PARALLEL
UNIVERSES IN OUR MULTIVERSE ALL OCCUPY THE SAME SPACE.
HOW THIS WORKS IS THAT THERE IS A FREQUENCY RANGE THAT GOES UP TO FIVE UNITS: SPHERE
DIMENSION
UNIT
.
.
.
FIFTH
PURE ENERGY
5
FOURTH
CREATIVE ENERGY
4
THIRD
MENTAL ENERGY
3
SECOND
EMOTIONAL ENERGY
2
FIRST
PHYSICAL ENERGY
1
THE PHYSICAL ENERGY DIMENSION FREQUENCY RANGE IS FROM 0 TO 1 UNITS.
THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION FREQUENCY RANGE IS FROM 1 TO 2 UNITS.
THE MENTAL ENERGY DIMENSION FREQUENCY RANGE IS FROM 2 TO 3 UNITS.
THE CREATIVE ENERGY DIMENSION FREQUENCY RANGE IS FROM 3 TO 4 UNITS.
THE PURE ENERGY DIMENSION FREQUENCY RANGE IS FROM 4 TO 5 UNITS.
EVERY HUMAN BEING HAS FIVE BODIES:
BODY
DIMENSION
.
.
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PURE ENERGY
PURE ENERGY
CREATIVE ENERGY
CREATIVE ENERGY
MENTAL ENERGY
MENTAL ENERGY
EMOTIONAL ENERGY
EMOTIONAL ENERGY
PHYSICAL ENERGY
PHYSICAL ENERGY
A PHYSICAL ENERGY BODY IN THE PHYSICAL ENERGY DIMENSION. AN EMOTIONAL ENERGY BODY IN THE
EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION ... A PURE ENERGY BODY IN THE PURE ENERGY DIMENSION.
THE HUMAN 'MIND' IS CONTAINED WITHIN THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION, AND IS REPRESENTED
BY THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY BODY.
THE HUMAN 'SOUL' IS COMPRISED OF THE MENTAL, CREATIVE, AND PURE ENERGY BODIES; WHICH
INHABIT THE MENTAL, CREATIVE, AND PURE ENERGY DIMENSIONS RESPECTIVELY.
THIS IS GOD'S INTELLIGENT DESIGN. THE UNIVERSE WAS DESIGNED FOR A PURPOSE. THAT PURPOSE IS
TO EVOLVE SOULS TO A VERY HIGH LEVEL OF VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCY; BASICALLY TO GROW THE
HUMAN SOUL INTO A GOD SOUL IN THE IMAGE OF OUR FATHER IN HEAVEN.
THIS MAY NOT SOUND SCIENTIFIC, ESPECIALLY TO THE KIND OF ATHEISTIC MODERN DAY SCIENTIST OF
MY GENERATION, BUT IT IS THE TRUTH, WHETHER THEY ACCEPT IT OR NOT IS NOT MY CONCERN.
SCIENTISTS, AS A GROUP, BELIEVE THAT SCIENCE SHOULD BE FREE OF THE NOTION OF GOD. EVEN
SCIENTIST THAT ACTUALLY BELIEVE IN GOD, HAVE TO DO THEIR 'SCIENCE' IN A 'SECULAR' FASHION; WHICH MEANS THAT THEY CAN'T LET THEIR PERSONAL BELIEFS INTERFERE WITH THEIR WORK. THIS IS
WHY ALL 'SCIENTIST' HAVE TO REJECT THE IDEA OF THE 'VOID' FROM WHICH GOD CREATED THE
UNIVERSE. YET HYPOCRITICALLY THEY ARE WILLING TO ACCEPT THE ABSURD BELIEF THAT ALL THE
MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE WAS CREATED 'ACCIDENTALLY' BY THE 'BIG BANG' WHICH SUPPOSEDLY
CREATED THE UNIVERSE. THE CREATIONIST IDEA OF GOD CREATING THE UNIVERSE OUT OF THE 'VOID'
DOESN'T VIOLATE ANY LAWS OF PHYSICS; BUT THE 'SCIENTIST' CAN'T ACCEPT IT BECAUSE IT IS A RELIGIOUS IDEA. THEY PREFER TO ACCEPT THE NOTION OF A 'BIG BANG' WHICH COMPLETELY VIOLATES
THEIR MAIN CONSERVATION LAW, 'THAT ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED, BUT CAN ONLY
BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM INTO ANOTHER', INSTEAD.
LIFE IN THIS, OR ANY UNIVERSE CANNOT EXIST AS JUST THE PHYSICAL BODY ALONE. LIVING BEINGS
HAVE THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE AND REPRODUCE, TO CREATE AND RECREATE, TO THINK, TO FEEL, TO
BE INSPIRED, TO BELIEVE IN THINGS THAT THEY CANNOT SEE. THIS IS MORE THAN WHAT AN ATOM OR
COLLECTION OF ATOMS CAN DO. THE HIGHER DIMENSIONS ARE WHAT MAKES LIFE POSSIBLE. WHETHER
THE ACADEMICS AND INTELLECTUALS EVER EXCEPT THIS OR NOT IS IRRELEVANT, FOR IT IS THE TRUTH.
WHEN GOD FIRST CREATED THE MULTIVERSE, EVERY SINGLE DIMENSION WAS AN EXACT REPLICA OF
THE PHYSICAL ENERGY DIMENSION OF OUR UNIVERSE.
THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DIMENSIONS IS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF LIVING BEINGS
WHICH WOULD EVENTUALLY EVOLVE.
EVERY LIVING THING IN THE UNIVERSE HAS AN EMOTIONAL ENERGY BODY. THIS INCLUDES:
• ANIMALS
• PLANTS
• INSECTS
• GERMS
• BACTERIA
• VIRUS
THESE EMOTIONAL ENERGY BODIES EXIST IN THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION. THIS CONCEPT IS
MORE FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS THE 'ASTRAL BODIES' EXISTING IN THE 'ASTRAL PLANE'.
GOD IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE CREATION OF THESE LOWER LIFE FORMS.
THE 'SOULS' OF THESE LOWER LIFE FORMS ARE CREATED AS IS NECESSARY BY GOD IN ORDER TO
FACILITATE LIFE IN THE PHYSICAL DIMENSION. BUT THESE 'SOULS' DON'T HAVE MENTAL ENERGY, CREATIVE ENERGY, AND PURE ENERGY BODIES; BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT SENTIENT AS HUMANS ARE.
THUS I BELIEVE THAT THE 'SOUL' MATERIAL IN THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION, OR ASTRAL
PLANE, IS RECYCLED AS IS NECESSARY. THIS MEANS THAT WHEN THESE LOWER LIFE FORMS EXPIRE, THEIR 'SOUL' MATERIAL IS USED TO CREATE OTHER 'SOULS' FOR OTHER LOWER LIFE FORMS WHOSE
'SOUL' MATERIAL IS RECYCLED WHEN THEY DIE, AND SO ON.
BASED ON THIS MODEL, GOD WOULD CREATE EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THESE LOWER LIFE FORMS, THROUGH THE RECYCLING PROCESS. THE RECYLING PROCESS WOULD BE USED TO MAKE CHANGES TO
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EACH GENERATION OF THESE LOWER LIFE FORMS, AND THE CHANGES IN THE 'SOUL' MATERIAL THAT
OCCURS AT THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION WOULD MANIFEST IN THE LIFE FORMS AT THE
PHYSICAL ENERGY LEVEL.
THUS GOD WOULD CHANGE THE DNA OF THESE LOWER LIFE FORMS AUTOMATICALLY AS HE EVOLVES
THEM UP THE EVOLUTIONARY LADDER.
THIS DIRECTLY IMPLIES THAT THE SO-CALLED 'NATURAL SELECTION' PROCESS IS ACTUALLY PART OF
GOD'S INTELLIGENT DESIGN. NOTHING HAPPENS BY 'ACCIDENT' OR IS JUST A 'COINCIDENCE', IT IS ALL
PART OF GOD'S PLAN; ALL ACCORDING TO GOD'S WILL.
THE FIVE GREAT EXTINCTIONS THAT OCCURRED ON EARTH WERE THE MEANS BY WHICH GOD CLEARED
THE WAY FOR NEW SPECIES TO EMERGE THROUGH THIS RECYCLING PROCESS.
THUS THE FIELD OF BIOLOGY IS MUCH MORE COMPLICATED THAN PHYSICS OR CHEMISTRY BECAUSE
LIVING BEINGS HAVE EMOTIONAL ENERGY BY VIRTUE OF BEING ALIVE, WHEREAS SUBATOMIC
MATERIAL, ATOMIC MATERIAL, AND EVEN SOLAR SYSTEMS AND GALAXIES; HAVE NO SUCH EMOTIONAL
COMPONENT AND IS THEREFORE MUCH SIMPLER.
THE STEADY STATE MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE
THE INITIAL UNIVERSE WAS BASICALLY A STEADY STATE, STATIC UNIVERSE WHICH CONTAINED
NOTHING BUT PROTON/ELECTRON PAIRS. THESE WERE NOT HYDROGEN ATOMS BECAUSE NO PROTON
HAD ELECTRON SHELLS; SO NO PROTON HAD AN ELECTRON ORBITING AROUND IT.
I ONLY SAY PROTON/ELECTRON PAIRS BECAUSE GOD TURNED ALL OF THOSE INFINITELY MANY
NEUTRINOS INTO PROTONS AND ELECTRONS WHICH MEANT THAT THE INITIAL UNIVERSE WAS
NEUTRALLY CHARGED, WITH THE POSITIVE CHARGES EQUAL TO THE NEGATIVE CHARGES.
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The Steady State Theory
Posted on July 25, 2015 by Steve Hurley This post, the latest in my series about cosmology, talks about the Steady State theory. This is an elegant alternative theory to the Big Bang, which was very popular among astronomers in the 1950s, but is now obsolete.
What is the Steady State Theory?
The Big Bang theory states that the Universe oRIGIDated from an incredibly hot and dense state 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since. It is now generally accepted by most cosmologists.
However, this hasn’t always been the case and for a while the Steady State theory was very popular. This theory was developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle (1915-2001), Herman Bondi (1919-2005) and Thomas Gold (1920-2004) as an alternative to the Big Bang to explain the oRIGID and expansion of the Universe. At the heart of the Steady State theory is the Perfect Cosmological Principle. This states that the Universe is infinite in extent, infinitely old and, taken as a whole, it is the same in all directions and at all times in the past and at all times in the future. In other words, the Universe doesn’t evolve or change over time.
https://explainingscience.org/2015/07/25/the-steady-state-theory/
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHEN THEY SAY;
'THIS STATES THAT THE UNIVERSE IS INFINITE IN EXTENT, INFINITELY OLD AND, TAKEN AS A WHOLE, IT
IS THE SAME IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND AT ALL TIMES IN THE PAST AND AT ALL TIMES IN THE FUTURE.'
THAT THIS IS WHAT I MEAN WHEN I SAY THE INITIAL UNIVERSE WAS A STEADY STATE UNIVERSE, EXCEPT
FOR THE PART ABOUT IT BEING 'INFINITE IN EXTENT, INFINITELY OLD...'.
THE EARLY UNIVERSE WAS A STATIC, UNCHANGING UNIVERSE, WHICH FOR ALL INTENTS AND PURPOSES
WAS TIMELESS. CHANGE IS NECESSARY FOR TIME TO EXIST. THE IRONY IS THAT A BILLION YEARS OF NO
CHANGE IN A PERFECTLY STATIC UNIVERSE WOULD BE THE SAME AS THE BLINK OF AN EYE. IN THAT
PERIOD OF TIME, THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUCH AN UNCHANGING STATIC UNIVERSE, AND THE
VOID FROM WHICH IT WAS FORMED, IS THAT THERE WOULD BE SPACE BETWEEN THE NEUTRINO
PARTICLES IN THE STATIC UNIVERSE, WHEREAS NO SUCH SPACE WOULD EXIST BETWEEN THE
NEUTRINOS WITHIN THE VOID.
BUT THIS STEADY STATIC STATE WOULD EVENTUALLY END WHEN THE UNIVERSE BEGAN TO EVOLVE.
PLASMAVERSE
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WHEN GOD FIRST CREATED THE UNIVERSE, HE CREATED A 'STEADY STATE' UNIVERSE CONSISTING
SOLELY OF PLASMA.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is Plasma Gas?
There is no such substance known as plasma gas. Plasma and gas are two separate phases of matter.
There is no such substance known as plasma gas. Plasma and gas are two separate phases of matter. The phases of matter are solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Since plasma and gas are closely related and plasma is rarely referred to when talking about the phases of matter, it is easy to understand the confusion. Gas turns into plasma when heat or energy is added to it. The atoms that make up the gas start to lose their electrons and become positively charged ions. The lost electrons are then able to float freely. This process is called ionization. Once a significant portion of the gas has become ionized, the electrical characteristics of the substance dramatically change, and it is then referred to as plasma.
Plasma Gas (Partially Ionized Gas) – Degree of Ionization
The degree of ionization is the measure of the proportion of how many atoms in the gas have lost an electron.
Plasma’s characteristics can vary based on what percentage of the gas has become ionized. If the partially ionized gas or " plasma gas" has an extremely low plasma density (number of free electrons per unit volume) then the substance will still behave like a gas. Even when the degree of ionization is only 1%, the substance will develop new characteristics such as a high conductivity and magnetic field responses. In the field of plasma technology, machines called plasma generators create plasma that is usually only partially ionized, but the degree of ionization can be modified to create the desired characteristics. Since even weak ionized gases behave like plasma, the term " plasma gas" is not really relevant. There is no distinction of what degree of ionization is required in a gas to be referred to as plasma. Any partially ionized gas is referred to as plasma; hence the term “
plasma gas" is not necessary.
https://www.thierry-corp.com/plasma-knowledgebase/what-is-plasma-gas ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
TRUE PLASMA IS NON-ATOMIC MATTER.
WHEN THEY SAY:
'EVEN WHEN THE DEGREE OF IONIZATION IS ONLY 1%, THE SUBSTANCE WILL DEVELOP NEW
CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS A HIGH CONDUCTIVITY AND MAGNETIC FIELD RESPONSES.'
THIS IS STILL NOT TRUE PLASMA. IT IS ONLY IONIZED GAS.
NO MATTER HOW IONIZED THE GAS, IF IT IS VISIBLE MATTER, IT IS STILL ATOMIC; SO IT WILL GIVE OFF
SPECTRAL LINES WHICH CAN BE PICKED UP BY A SPECTROSCOPE.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.5: Atomic Emission Spectra
Atomic Emission Spectra
The electrons in an atom tend to be arranged in such a way that the energy of the atom is as low as possible. The ground state of an atom is the lowest energy state of the atom. When those atoms are given energy, the electrons absorb the energy and move to a higher energy level. These energy levels of the electrons in atoms are quantized, meaning again that the electron must move from one energy level to another in discrete steps, rather than continuously. An excited state of an atom is a state where its potential energy is higher than the ground state. An atom in the excited state is not stable. When it returns back to the ground state, it releases the energy that it had previously gained in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
So how do atoms gain energy in the first place? One way is to pass an electric current through an enclosed sample of a gas at low pressure. Since the electron energy levels are unique for each element, every gas discharge tube will glow with a distinctive color, depending on the identity of the gas (see below).
"Neon" signs are familiar examples of gas discharge tubes. However, only signs that glow with the red-orange color seen in the figure are actually filled with neon. Signs of other colors contain different gases or mixtures of gases.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/
Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.05%3A_Atomic_Emission_Spectra ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
ANYTHING WITH AN ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE IS 'ATOMIC'. EVEN A GAS THAT HAS LOST SOME OF
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ITS ELECTRONS DUE TO BEING HEATED AND IS DEFINED AS PLASMA 'GAS' IS STILL ATOMIC.
IT IS WIDELY BELIEVED THAT MOST OF THE VISIBLE MATTER IN THE COSMOS, IS PLASMA. BY THEIR
DEFINITION OF 'PLASMA', WHICH IS IONIZED GAS, THEY ARE CORRECT. BUT THESE VISIBLE 'PLASMAS'
ALL HAVE AN ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE. THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT TRUE PLASMAS BECAUSE OF
THE FACT THAT THEY ARE VISIBLE.
THE ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE MEANS THAT ELECTRONS CAN MOVE FROM ONE SHELL TO
ANOTHER. AN ELECTRON MAY ABSORB ENERGY AND MOVE TO A HIGHER SHELL LEVEL, WHICH IS AWAY
FROM THE NUCLEUS, TEMPORARILY. WHEN THAT ELECTRON EMITS THE ENERGY, IN THE FORM OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, IT WILL DROP BACK TOWARDS THE NUCLEUS TO A LOWER SHELL LEVEL
WHICH IS A STABLER STATE.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THAT THE ELECTRON GIVES OFF CAN BE PERCEIVED BY
SPECTROSCOPES. NO MATTER HOW IONIZED THE GAS, IF IT STILL HAS ELECTRONS THAT CAN EMIT
PHOTON RAYS WHEN IT FALLS TO A LOWER SHELL LEVEL, THEN IT STILL HAS AN ELECTRON SHELL
STRUCTURE, AND SPECTROSCOPES CAN PERCEIVE THE PHOTONS THAT IT EMITS.
THIS IS NOT THE TRUE 'PLASMA' BECAUSE THESE GASSES CAN INTERACT WITH PHOTONS DUE TO THEIR
ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE, AND THUS ARE PERCEPTIBLE TO HUMAN INSTRUMENTS.
TRUE PLASMA IS NON-ATOMIC!
THE KIND OF PLASMA THAT GOD CREATED WHEN HE FIRST CREATED THE UNIVERSE, DID NOT HAVE ANY
TYPE OF ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE. IT IS THE SHELL STRUCTURE AROUND A NUCLEUS THAT MAKES
ELECTRONS ORBIT AROUND THE NUCLEUS; AND SUBSEQUENTLY MAKES THE NUCLEUS PART OF AN
ATOM. WHEN THERE IS NO ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR AN ELECTRON TO
ORBIT AROUND A 'NUCLEUS'; WHICH MEANS THAT IT IS NOT A 'NUCLEUS' AND THEREFORE NON-ATOMIC.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Only five percent of the universe is visible. What is the rest made up of?
The visible universe—including Earth, the sun, other stars, and galaxies—is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons bundled together into atoms. Perhaps one of the most surprising discoveries of the 20th century was that this ordinary, or baryonic, matter makes up less than 5 percent of the mass of the universe.
The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible substance called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that repels gravity known as dark energy (70 percent).
Unlocking the Mystery
Scientists have not yet observed dark matter directly. It doesn't interact with baryonic matter and it's completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are confident it exists because of the gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters.
For instance, according to standard physics, stars at the edges of a spinning, spiral galaxy should travel much slower than those near the galactic center, where a galaxy's visible matter is concentrated. But observations show that stars orbit at more or less the same speed regardless of where they are in the galactic disk. This puzzling result makes sense if one assumes that the boundary stars are feeling the gravitational effects of an unseen mass—dark matter—in a halo around the galaxy.
Dark matter could also explain certain optical illusions that astronomers see in the deep universe. For example, pictures of galaxies that include strange rings and arcs of light could be explained if the light from even more distant galaxies is being distorted and magnified by massive, invisible clouds of dark matter in the foreground-a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing.
Scientists have a few ideas for what dark matter might be. One leading hypothesis is that dark matter consists of exotic particles that don't interact with normal matter or light but that still exert a gravitational pull. Several scientific groups, including one at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, are currently working to generate dark matter particles for study in the lab.
Other scientists think the effects of dark matter could be explained by fundamentally modifying our theories of gravity. According to such ideas, there are multiple forms of gravity, and the large-scale gravity governing galaxies differs from the gravity to which we are accustomed.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dark-matter ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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DARK MATTER IS PLASMA
WHEN GOD FIRST CREATED THE UNIVERSE, IT WAS COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF PLASMA. THIS WAS THE
TRUE PLASMA WHICH IS NON-ATOMIC MATTER BECAUSE IT HAD NO ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE.
THUS THE INITIAL EARLY UNIVERSE WAS BASICALLY COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF DARK MATTER WHICH IS
WHAT THE PLASMA IS. ATOMIC MATTER HAS ELECTRONS IN AN ELECTRON SHELL WHICH ARE ABLE TO
ABSORB PHOTONS AND MOVE AWAY FROM THE NUCLEUS, TO A HIGHER SHELL LEVEL; THEN GIVE UP
THE ABSORBED PHOTONS, BY EJECTING THEM, TO FALL BACK TOWARDS THE NUCLEUS, TO A LOWER, MORE STABLE, SHELL LEVEL; WHICH MEANS THAT ATOMIC MATTER'S ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE
ALLOWS IT TO BOTH ABSORB AND EMIT PHOTONS, WHICH IS WHAT MAKES ALL ATOMIC MATTER VISIBLE
TO SPECTROSCOPES. BUT PLASMA IS NON-ATOMIC MATTER; WHICH MAKES IT DARK MATTER BECAUSE IT
HAS NO ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE SO IT CAN NOT ABSORB OR EMIT PHOTONS AND SO IT CAN NOT
BE DETECTED BY SPECTROSCOPES.
THE INITIAL EXPLOSION MADE THE UNIVERSE EXTREMELY HOT AND EXTREMELY BRIGHT AS THE
ENTIRE SPACE OF IT WAS INFUSED WITH PHOTONS ALL TRAVELLING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT. BUT OVER
TIME, THE PHOTONS DISPERSED AND THE UNIVERSE COOLED ACCORDINGLY. ONCE THE PHOTONS HAD
SUFFICIENTLY DISPERSED, THE UNIVERSE BECAME COMPLETELY DARK AS THERE WERE NO GALAXIES, NO STARS, NO PLANETS, NO LIFE, JUST PLASMA AND PLASMA ALONE.
THEREFORE, THE EARLY UNIVERSE WAS COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF DARK MATTER.
ELECTRONS IN A GRID
I HYPOTHESIZE THAT ELECTRONS WITHIN PLASMIC MATTER, FORM A UNIFORM GRID WITHIN THE
ENTIRETY OF THE PLASMIC SPACE, WHEREIN, THESE ELECTRONS ARE REPULSIVE TO EACH OTHER AND
BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH CHARGE TO MASS RATIO, RAPIDLY FIND THEMSELVES PUSHED AS FAR AWAY
FROM EACH OTHER WITHIN THIS PLASMA AS THEY CAN POSSIBLY GO. FROM HERE THEY RETAIN AN
EQUIDISTANT RELATIONSHIP TO THEIR NEAREST ELECTRON NEIGHBOR.
WITHIN THIS STRUCTURE, EACH ELECTRON ALIGNS ITS SPIN ROTATION IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS
EVERY OTHER ELECTRON, WHICH CREATES AN OVERALL MAGNETIC FIELD THAT AFFECTS EVEN THE
BEHAVIOUR OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS WITHIN THE PLASMA, SO THAT THESE CATIONS ALSO ROTATE IN
SUCH A MANNER AS TO ADD THEIR MAGNETIC FIELDS TO THE ONE GENERATED BY THE ELECTRON'S
COLLECTIVE ANGLE OF ROTATION.
BECAUSE THESE POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS HAVE A MUCH LOWER CHARGE TO MASS RATIO, CATIONS
ARE SPREAD OUT FAR MORE RANDOMLY WITHIN THIS PLASMA ENVIRONMENT.
THIS INFERS THAT, THERE MAY BE AREAS WITHIN THE PLASMA WHICH IS SPARSELY POPULATED WITH
IONS, AND OTHER AREAS WHICH ARE MORE DENSELY POPULATED.
I FURTHER HYPOTHESIZE THAT ENERGY TENDS TO FOLLOW THE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE, SO THAT
THE OVERALL MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATED BY ALL OF THESE ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLES
TENDS TO A GIVEN INERTIA WHICH RESISTS ANY CHANGE OF SIGNIFICANCE TO THIS STRUCTURAL
ARRANGEMENT. WHICH TRANSLATES TO MEAN THAT IF THE PLASMA IS AT REST, IT TENDS TO STAY AT
REST, BUT IF THE ELECTRONS WITHIN THE PLASMA ARE COLLECTIVELY IN MOTION, THEY TEND TO STAY
IN MOTION.
SINCE ELECTRONS WILL STAY EQUIDISTANT TO THEIR NEAREST ELECTRON NEIGHBOR WITHIN THIS
PLASMIC STRUCTURE, ALL ROTATING AT PRECISELY THE SAME SPEED AT PRECISELY THE SAME ANGLE, THAT IF ONE MOVES, THEY ALL MOVE, BUT THE COLLECTIVE MAGNETIC FIELD HAS AN EXTREMELY
POWERFUL EFFECT ON EACH ELECTRON, BECAUSE IT HAS SUCH A HIGH CHARGE TO MASS RATIO, EACH
ELECTRON TENDS TO BE LOCKED INTO ITS SPOT WITHIN THE GRID, AND ONLY AN OUTSIDE FORCE CAN
CAUSE EVEN ONE OF THEM TO MOVE, SO THEY TEND TO STAY PUT.
THUS I HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE MAJORITY OF PLASMA EVERYWHERE CONSISTS OF VAST STATIONARY
GRIDS OF ROTATING ELECTRONS, WHEREIN RESIDES POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS, OR CATIONS, WHICH
ARE RANDOMLY DISPERSED THROUGHOUT THE PLASM. FURTHERMORE, THAT THE LOWER CHARGE TO
MASS RATIO OF THESE NUCLEI/CATIONS GIVES THEM GREATER RANGE OF MOTION WITHIN THIS
ELECTRON GRID WHICH IS EXTREMELY RIGID, SO THAT THE NUCLEI ARE ELECTRICALLY ATTRACTED TO
THESE STATIONARY ELECTRONS AND ARE FREER TO MOVE, SO THEY MOVE TOWARDS THE NEAREST
ELECTRON.
COLD FUSION IN THE PLASMA
I HYPOTHESIZE THAT FUSION OCCURS, WITHIN THE PLASMA, WHEN TWO CATIONS ARRIVE AT AN
ELECTRON ROUGHLY SIMULTANEOUSLY. I POSIT THAT THE SIZE OF THE CATION IS IRRELEVANT, AND
THAT WHEN BOTH CONTACT THE ELECTRON AT THE SAME TIME, A NUCLEAR BOND IS FORMED WHICH
BOTH RELEASES ENERGY AND CREATES A LARGER CATION (IONIC NUCLEUS).
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IT IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO DO FUSION OUTSIDE OF THE PLASMA ENVIRONMENT. THE NUCLEI OF
ATOMIC MATERIAL, WHETHER PARTIALLY IONIZED OR NOT, WILL HAVE AN ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE
THAT ACTS AS A BARRIER TO FUSION. THE REASON WHY ATOMIC MATERIAL CAN FORM COVALENT, IONIC, AND ANY OTHER TYPE OF CHEMICAL BONDS WITH EACH OTHER IN EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS, IS
BECAUSE OF THE ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE. ATOMIC MATTER CANNOT READILY FUSE BECAUSE OF
THIS. IN FACT, ATOMIC MATERIAL MAY NOT BE FUSIBLE AT ALL.
CATIONS WITHIN A PLASMA CANNOT FORM COVALENT, IONIC, OR ANY OTHER TYPE OF CHEMICAL
BONDS WITH EACH OTHER IN ANY TYPE OF REACTION BECAUSE PLASMA HAS NO ELECTRON SHELL
STRUCTURE. THE REASON WHY TRUE PLASMA IS DARK MATTER; AND DOES NOT INTERACT WITH
PHOTONS, IS THE SAME REASON WHY IT CAN'T FORM CHEMICAL BONDS WITHIN ITSELF; THIS IS
BECAUSE IT LACKS THE ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE. BUT WHAT DARK MATTER CAN DO, IS IT CAN
FUSE CATIONS TOGETHER, WITH AN ELECTRON IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TWO CATIONS, TO FORM A LARGER CATION.
WHEN A HEAVY CATION APPROACHES AN ELECTRON IN THE ELECTRON GRID, THE MAGNETIC FIELDS OF
BOTH WILL ALIGN WITH EACH OTHER DUE TO THEIR PROXIMITY, THE NEAREST PROTON WILL BE
AFFECTED BY THIS MAGNETIC ALIGNMENT AND WILL ALSO ALIGN ITSELF WITH THE OTHER TWO. THE
ELECTRON THAT IS BETWEEN THEM WILL NEUTRALIZE WHATEVER REPULSIVE EFFECTS THEIR TWO
POSITIVE CHARGES HAVE FOR EACH OTHER. THROUGH MAGNETIC ALIGNMENT AND THE ATTRACTION
THAT BOTH POSITIVE PARTICLES HAVE FOR THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRON, THE THREE
PARTICLES CONVERGE TO BECOME ONE PARTICLE. THIS IS HOW ALL THE FUSION THAT OCCURS
NATURALLY TAKES PLACE. IT IS ONLY POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF ELECTRON SHELLS IN BOTH
CATIONS.
THIS SERVES TO ELIMINATE THAT PARTICULAR ELECTRON FROM THE GRID, AND THE GRID WILL ADJUST
TO FORM A NEW STABLE AND RIGID STRUCTURE.
IF THE NEW NUCLEUS IS STABLE, NOTHING FURTHER HAPPENS. IF THE RESULT IS UNSTABLE, THEN
WHATEVER ADJUSTMENT REQUIRED WILL TAKE PLACE TO INCREASE ITS STABILITY. THIS DYNAPLASMIC
MODEL IMPLIES THAT ALL NUCLEAR FUSION TAKES PLACE WITHIN PLASMIC MATTER WHICH RESIDES
OUTSIDE OF THE BODY OF A STAR. THIS IS BECAUSE THE MAIN ELEMENTS FOR PLASMIC FUSION ARE
MISSING WITHIN SUCH STELLAR MASSES, NAMELY THE RIGID UNMOVING ELECTRON GRID STABLY
ACCOMPANIED BY THE MUCH MORE FREELY MOVING CATIONS.
WHEN FUSION DOES OCCUR IN PLASMA, THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE CATIONS INVOLVED WILL BE THE
NUCLEUS OF HYDROGEN ATOMS, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS PROTONS.
NO ALPHA PARTICLE RADIATION IN PLASMA
I OBSERVE THAT THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS, WITH THE HIGHEST
ATOMIC NUMBER, THAT ARE STABLE IN EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT ARE WELL BELOW THE MAXIMUM
ATOMIC ELEMENT NUMBER THAT OCCURS NATURALLY. THIS IMPLIES THAT NUCLEI WHICH ARE FUSED
WITHIN INTERSTELLAR PLASMA DO NOT EVER DECAY WHILE STILL CONTAINED WITHIN THE PLASMA.
I SUBMIT THAT THEY DO NOT DECAY AT ALL WITHIN THE PLASMA AND ONLY BECOME UNSTABLE WHEN
THEY BECOME PART OF NONPLASMIC OBJECT SUCH AS A PLANET, MOON, ASTEROID, METEOR, OR DUST
PARTICLE AND SO ON. THIS IMPLIES THAT THE ADDITION OF AN ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE TO
THESE HEAVY NUCLEI, DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTES TO THEIR DECAY PROCESS. THESE HEAVIER ELEMENTS
ONLY START THE DECAY PROCESS AFTER THEY GAIN AN ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE AND BECOME
ATOMIC.
THE ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE CAUSES THESE NUCLEI TO EXPAND TO A FAR GREATER VOLUME
ONCE THEY HAVE ORBITING ELECTRONS. THE HEAVIER ELEMENTS BECOME UNSTABLE WHEN THEY
BECOME ATOMIC BECAUSE THE MAGNETIC FIELD THAT KEEPS THEM CORRALLED OBEYS THE INVERSE
CUBE LAW. INCREASES IN VOLUME DUE TO THE ATTRACTION THAT THE ALPHA PARTICLES WITHIN THE
NUCLEUS HAVE FOR THE ORBITING ELECTRONS IS ENOUGH TO PLACE THESE ALPHA PARTICLES IN THE
OUTER SHELL OUTSIDE THE MAGNETIC BARRIER WHICH KEPT THEM STABLY INSIDE THE NUCLEUS. THIS
IS WHAT MAKES THEM RADIOACTIVE ONCE THEY BECOME ATOMIC.
IN THE PLASMA STATE, EVEN THESE HEAVIEST NUCLEI HAVE A VERY SMALL AND DENSE NUCLEI WHICH
STAYS WELL WITHIN THE MAGNETIC FIELD BARRIER THAT KEEPS THE ALPHA PARTICLES LOCKED INTO
THE NUCLEUS.
THIS MODEL IS BOTH FALSIFIABLE AND PROVABLE. IT EITHER WORKS OR IT DOESN'T. SHOULD IT WORK, THEN IT DIRECTLY PROVIDES A SOLUTION TO RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, SUCH AS NUCLEAR WASTE FROM
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OR OTHER SOURCES.
THE SOLUTION IS TO TAKE THE RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL AND RECYCLE IT INTO A PLASMA. ONCE IT HAS
BEEN CONVERTED INTO PLASMA, IT WILL NO LONGER BE RADIOACTIVE. THE PLASMA ITSELF HAS MANY
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USES. FOR INSTANCE, ALL PLASMAS ARE NATURAL SUPERCONDUCTORS.
ALL SUPERCONDUCTORS ARE PLASMIC
THE DYNAPLASMIC MODEL ALSO HYPOTHESIZES THAT ALL SUPERCONDUCTION IS PLASMIC IN NATURE.
THIS IS TO SAY THAT SUPERCONDUCTION ONLY TAKES PLACE WHEN THE MATERIAL HAS TRANSITIONED
FROM THE ATOMIC STATE TO THE PLASMIC STATE WHICH ELIMINATES THE ELECTRON SHELL
STRUCTURE.
IN THE PLASMIC STATE EACH ELECTRON IS EQUIDISTANT FORM ITS NEAREST NEIGHBOR; AND ALL
ELECTRONS ROTATE AT THE SAME ANGLE AND SPEED TO CREATE AN OVERALL MAGNETIC FIELD WHICH
HAS AN EXTREMELY STRONG INERTIAL BALANCE. THIS MAGNETIC FIELD HAS A POWERFUL EFFECT ON
THE MOVEMENT OF ALL CHARGED PARTICLES CONTAINED WITHIN IT. BUT ESPECIALLY SO FOR THE
ELECTRONS BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH CHARGE TO MASS RATIO. THUS THE PLASMIC ELECTRON
STRUCTURE IS LOCKED INTO PLACE BY TWO OF THE FORCES OF NATURE, MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICAL
REPULSION FOR EACH OTHER.
THUS WHEN AN OUTSIDE FORCE CAUSES A PLASMIC ELECTRON TO TRANSLATE IN ANY GIVEN
DIRECTION, THE ENTIRE ELECTRON STRUCTURE ALSO TRANSLATES IN LOCK STEP. THIS IS MAINLY DUE
TO THE LACK OF RESISTANCE IN THE PLASMIC ELECTRON STRUCTURE TO MOTION; WHICH IN TURN IS
THE MAIN REASON WHY PLASMA IS A NATURAL SUPERCONDUCTOR.
HOWEVER, FUSION OF ATOMIC NUCLEI IS NOT POSSIBLE WHEN THE ELECTRON STRUCTURE IS
SUPERCONDUCTING. WHEN TRANSLATING IN THIS FASHION, THE GREATER THE NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS IN MOTION, THE MORE POWERFUL THE MAGNETIC FIELD THAT THE SUPERCONDUCTION
PROCESS GENERATES. SINCE SUCH CURRENTS WITHIN THE PLASMA HAVE NO RESISTANCE TO THEIR
MOTIONS, THEY CAN CONTINUE INDEFINITELY, GENERATING PERMANENT MAGNETIC FIELDS WHICH
MAY EXTEND MANY LIGHT YEARS AWAY FROM THE PLASMIC SOURCE WHICH IS GENERATING THE FIELD.
MAGNETIC LINES OF FLUX WILL ADD TOGETHER WITH OTHER FIELDS GENERATED FROM OTHER
PLASMIC SOURCES TO CREATE PERMANENT, AND MASSIVE, MAGNETIC FIELDS WHICH PERMEATE
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF LIGHT YEARS OF SPACE; AND PERHAPS EVEN BEYOND.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is a superconductor?
By Paul Sutter published July 23, 2021
In a superconductor, an electric current can exist forever.
A superconductor is a material that achieves superconductivity, which is a state of matter that has no electrical resistance and does not allow magnetic fields to penetrate. An electric current in a superconductor can persist indefinitely.
Superconductivity can only typically be achieved at very cold temperatures. Superconductors have a wide variety of everyday applications, from MRI machines to super-fast maglev trains that use magnets to levitate the trains off the track to reduce friction. Researchers are now trying to find and develop superconductors that work at higher temperatures, which would revolutionize energy transport and storage.
The credit for the discovery of superconductivity goes to Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. In 1911, Onnes was studying the electrical properties of mercury in his laboratory at Leiden University in The Netherlands when he found that the electrical resistance in the mercury completely vanished when he dropped the temperature to below 4.2 Kelvin — that's just 4.2 degrees Celsius (7.56 degrees Fahrenheit) above absolute zero.
https://www.livescience.com/superconductor
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUPERMAGNETIC FIELDS
IF THE UNIVERSE IS GENERATING A SUPERMAGNETIC FIELD, WHOSE SOURCE IS THE
SUPERCONDUCTING ELECTRON GRIDS WITHIN ITS COLLECTIVE PLASMAS; AND MAGNETIC FIELDS OBEY
THE INVERSE CUBE LAW, WHICH IS TO SAY THAT THE MORE CLOSELY THE APPROACH TO THE SOURCE IS, THE STRONGER THE FIELD GETS VERY RAPIDLY; THEN THAT IMPLIES THAT THE INERT PORTIONS OF THE
ELECTRON GRID, WITHIN THE PLASMA, IS BEING SUBJECTED TO ENORMOUSLY DENSE MAGNETIC
FIELDS. THAT BECAUSE THE CHARGE TO MASS RATIO OF ELECTRONS IS SO EXTREMELY HIGH, THAT THE
ELECTRONS ARE FORCED TO ALIGN THEMSELVES WITH THESE EXTREMELY DENSE MAGNETIC FIELDS
WHICH IS WHAT MAKES THE ELECTRON GRID ALIGNMENT THE ONLY POSSIBILITY WITHIN THESE
PLASMAS.
THIS DIRECTLY IMPLIES THAT THE AREA IN AND AROUND STELLAR/SOLAR SYSTEMS ARE THE AREAS
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WITHIN GALAXIES, THAT HAVE THE WEAKEST MAGNETIC FIELDS, WHICH IN TURN ALLOWS FOR THE
FORMATION OF THE ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE THAT CONSTITUTES ATOMIC MATTER.
THE HIGHER THE CHARGE TO MASS RATIO, THE MORE POWERFUL THE MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT WILL
BE ON A PARTICLE. BUT CONVERSELY THE LOWER THE CHARGE TO MASS RATIO, THE LESS POWERFUL
THE MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT WILL BE ON A PARTICLE. THUS FOR ANY GIVEN NUCLEUS, THE LOWER
THE PROTON TO NEUTRON RATIO, THE LOWER THE CHARGE TO MASS RATIO WILL BE. THUS THE
HEAVIEST ATOMIC ELEMENTS WOULD HAVE HAVE THE STRONGEST INERTIA, WHICH IS TO SAY, THAT IF
AT REST IT WILL TEND TO STAY AT REST, AND IF IN MOTION, IT WILL TEND TO CONTINUE THAT MOTION.
THESE HEAVIEST NUCLEI/CATION WOULD THUS RESIST BOTH ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC FIELD
EFFECTS MORE STRONGLY THAN THE LIGHTER NUCLEI WOULD.
THEREFORE, WITHIN THE PLASMA, THE HEAVIER THE NUCLEUS, THE SLOWER AND MORE PONDEROUS
ITS MOTION, BUT IRONICALLY IF IT HAS ANY MOMENTUM AT ALL IN A GIVEN DIRECTION, THAT IT WOULD
STRONGLY TEND TO CONTINUE THAT MOMENTUM AND THUS ENCOUNTER ELECTRONS THAT ARE
STATIONARY WITHIN THE GRID, WHICH ARE IN ITS PATHWAY. SHOULD THIS COLLISION OCCUR WITH A PROTON NEARBY, THEN THE COLLECTIVE LOCALIZED MAGNETIC FIELDS OF ALL THREE PARTICLES; HEAVY NUCLEUS, ELECTRON AND PROTON; WOULD LOCK THEM TOGETHER THUS ENGENDERING THE
FUSION PROCESS.
THE HEAVIER A NUCLEUS GETS, THE MORE LIKELY IT IS TO FUSE WITH AN ELECTRON PROTON PAIR TO
GROW HEAVIER STILL.
THUS, A HEAVY NUCLEUS WITH A GIVEN MOMENTUM, MOVING THROUGH THE STATIONARY ELECTRON
GRID, AND EACH TIME TIME IT IMPACTS AN ELECTRON, A NEARBY PROTON IS SUCKED INTO THIS
COLLISION PROCESS TO CREATE A FUSION REACTION; WITH THE HEAVY NUCLEUS CONTINUING ON ITS
PATH UNABATED, TO REPEAT THE PROCESS, OVER AND OVER AGAIN, THUS GROWING HEAVIER AND
HEAVIER STILL.
AS IT GROWS HEAVIER ITS MOMENTUM INCREASES, ALONG WITH ITS INERTIA, AS IT TRAVELS ALONG
SOME MAGNETIC FIELD LINE WHICH ELECTRONS ALSO OCCUPY STATIONED AT REGULAR INTERVALS IN
FRONT OF THIS JUGGERNAUT OF A NUCLEUS.
MEANWHILE, PROTONS HAVE THE SECOND HIGHEST CHARGE TO MASS RATIO WITHIN THE PLASMA, AND
ARE THUS THE SECOND MOST AFFECTED PARTICLE WITHIN THE MAGNETIC FIELD. THUS THE PROTONS
TEND TO FORM THEIR OWN GRID WHERE THEY ARE EQUIDISTANT FROM EACH OTHER, AND SINCE THE
CHARGE IS OPPOSITE AND EQUAL TO THE ELECTRON, THE PROTON GRID IS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE
ELECTRON GRID IN ITS SPACING. BUT BECAUSE OF THE LOWER, CHARGE TO MASS RATIO, THE PROTON
GRID IS MUCH MORE RANDOM WITH AREAS THAT HAVE GREATER PROTON DENSITY AND AREAS WITH
FAR LESS PROTON DENSITY.
THE POWER OF THE EXTREMELY DENSE MAGNETIC FIELDS WITHIN THE PLASMA TENDS TO LOCK THE
ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLES WITHIN IT TO WHATEVER INERTIA THE PARTICLE HAS. ELECTRONS
WITHIN THESE INERT ELECTRON GRIDS, HAVE ZERO MOMENTUM. PROTONS WITHIN THESE SAME GRIDS
TEND TO ALSO HAVE ZERO MOMENTUM; BUT A PERCENTAGE DOES HAVE NON-ZERO MOMENTUM, AND
THESE INVARIABLY FIND THEMSELVES TRAVELLING ALONG A GRID LINE FULL OF ELECTRONS; WHERE
THEY FUSE WITH ELECTRONS AND NEARBY PROTONS, AT REGULAR INTERVALS, TO BECOME THE HEAVY
NUCLEI.
THIS MODEL DIRECTLY IMPLIES THAT THE CATION WITH THE GREATEST MOBILITY, WILL INVARIABLY
BECOME THE HEAVIEST NUCLEI, WHILE THOSE CATIONS WITH THE LEAST MOBILITY WILL TEND TO STAY
AS THEY ARE IN KEEPING WITH THE LAW OF INERTIA, THAT AN OBJECT AT REST TENDS TO STAY AT REST, AND AN OBJECT IN MOTION TENDS TO STAY IN MOTION UNLESS ACTED UPON BY AN OUTSIDE FORCE; NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION.
THUS THE MODEL PREDICTS THAT WITHIN THE INERT PORTION OF THE PLASMAS WITHIN THE
UNIVERSE, WHICH IS MOST OF THE PLASMAS, THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE CHARGED PARTICLES, WHICH
IS ALL OF THE ELECTRONS, AND MOST OF THE PROTONS, WILL HAVE ZERO MOMENTUM AND REMAIN
UNCHANGED OVER VAST PERIODS OF TIME. BUT THE NUCLEI WITH MOMENTUM, WILL GROW AND GROW
AND GROW, HEAVIER AND HEAVIER AND HEAVIER OVER THAT SAME VAST PERIOD OF TIME. THIS IS WHY
HYDROGEN AND HELIUM CATIONS REMAIN THE VAST MAJORITY OF ALL POSITIVE IONS, WHILE HEAVIER
ATOMIC ELEMENTS ARE MUCH RARER IN THE UNIVERSE.
THIS DYNAPLASMIC MODEL PREDICTS THAT HUMANKIND, IN THE FUTURE, WILL USE SUPERMAGNETS
THAT GENERATE EXTREMELY POWERFUL MAGNETIC FIELDS, TO TURN HYDROGEN GAS INTO A PLASMA BY SUBJECTING THE HYDROGEN TO THE FIELD. ONCE PLASMATIZED, THE HYDROGEN WILL
SUPERCONDUCT AS IT WILL HAVE LOST ITS ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURE AND INSTEAD, A RIGID
ELECTRON GRID STRUCTURE WILL BE PRESENT. MANKIND WILL FORCE THE HYDROGEN PLASMA INTO
HIGH PRESSURE CONDUITS, WHERE, AT EXTREMELY HIGH PRESSURE, THE PLASMA WILL
SUPERCONDUCT AS A ROOM TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING CONDUIT.
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ANY ELEMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE CAN BE VAPORIZED TO A GAS AND THEN TURNED INTO A PLASMA AFTER BEING SUBJECTED TO A POWERFUL MAGNETIC FIELD. BUT HIGHLY PRESSURED
HYDROGEN PLASMA AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, WILL PROVIDE THE MOST EFFICIENT SUPERCONDUITS
BECAUSE IT WILL CONTAIN MORE ELECTRONS PER UNIT VOLUME, THAN ANY OTHER ELEMENT. THESE
CONDUITS ARE ONE HUNDRED PER CENT EFFICIENT AS THEY ARE SUPERCONDUCTORS AND SO THERE
IS NO RESISTANCE TO MOTION, NO HEAT GENERATED AS THEY TRANSPORT ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF
ENERGY OVER EXTREMELY LONG DISTANCES.
HOWEVER, MIXING HYDROGEN PLASMA WITH THE HEAVIER CATIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE, UNDER
THE AUSPICES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ALLOWS MANKIND TO REPLICATE THE FUSION PROCESS THAT
OCCURS IN INTERSTELLAR PLASMA. PRESSURIZING THIS MIXTURE WILL INCREASE THE DENSITY OF
BOTH PLASMAS WITHIN THE SUPERDENSE MAGNETIC FIELD, AND ALLOWS FOR FASTER FUSION RATES
TO OCCUR AT ROOM TEMPERATURES.
THUS DYNAPLASMISM PREDICTS THAT IN THE FUTURE, MANKIND WILL REPLACE ALL CONDUITS IN
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS WITH PLASMA CONDUITS, AND ALL ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS WILL
EVENTUALLY BE REPLACED BY THEIR PLASMA COUNTERPARTS; AND THAT ANY ELEMENT CAN AND WILL
BE PRODUCED FROM OTHER LIGHTER ELEMENTS THROUGH THE PLASMIC FUSION PROCESS.
NOTE THAT HYDROGEN GAS WILL LEAK OUT OF PRACTICALLY ANY CONTAINER OVER TIME. BUT AS A SUPERCONDUCTING PLASMA CARRYING AN ELECTRIC CURRENT, THE MAGNETIC FIELDS GENERATED BY
THE ELECTRON GRID IN MOTION PAST THE POSITIVELY CHARGED PROTONS, WILL LOCK THE PROTONS
INTO A SIMILAR RIGID GRID STRUCTURE WHICH WILL PREVENT LEAKAGE FROM HAPPENING.
GALAXIES ARE BORN OUT OF PLASMA
AFTER BEING IN A STEADY STATE FOR GOD KNOWS HOW LONG, THE FUSION PROCESS BEGAN TO
WEAKEN THE MAGNETIC FIELDS IN SOME AREAS OF THE PLASMA. FUSION TAKES PLACE WITHIN THE
PLASMA IN AREAS THAT ARE NOT SUPERCONDUCTING, WHICH ARE THE AREAS THAT THE ELECTRON
GRID IS STATIC AND NOT MOVING PAST THE PROTON GRID, SO ALL OF THE CHARGES ARE MOTIONLESS.
IN THESE AREAS SOME OF THE PROTONS BEGIN TO PICK UP ELECTRONS AND OTHER PROTONS TO FORM
LARGER CATIONS AND THEIR MOMENTUM ALONG THE GRID WILL TEND TO CONTINUE UNTIL THEY
HAVE BECOME VERY LARGE CATIONS. THIS FUSION PROCESS CAN TAKE HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS, PERHAPS EVEN BILLIONS OF YEARS.
THE MAGNETIC FIELDS THAT PERMEATE THE PLASMA ORIGIDATE FROM ALL OF THE CHARGES WITHIN
THE PLASMA; BOTH ELECTRONS AND PROTONS; AND THEIR COLLECTIVE ROTATIONS. MAGNETISM IS
CAUSED BY MOVING ELECTRICAL CHARGES AND THESE ROTATING ELECTRONS AND PROTONS CREATE
THE MAGNETIC FIELD.
FUSION PROCESSES TURN PROTONS AND ELECTRONS INTO NEUTRONS ABOUT FIFTY PERCENT OF THE
TIME THAT IT OCCURS. A HEAVY CATION WILL BE TRAVELLING ALONG SOME ELECTRON GRID LINE AND
FUSE WITH AN ELECTRON AND A NEARBY PROTON. THIS WILL ADD A NEUTRON TO THE CATION. IF THE
PARTICLE IS STABLE, THEN THE GRID WILL HAVE LOST BOTH THE ELECTRONS CHARGE AND THE
PROTONS CHARGE WHICH WILL REDUCE THE OVERALL STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD.
SOMETIMES THE RESULTING PARTICLE IS UNSTABLE AND THE ELECTRON IS EJECTED AS BETA RADIATION TO RETURN TO THE ELECTRON GRID, AND THE CATION WILL INCREASE ITS ELEMENT
NUMBER ON THE PERIODIC TABLE BECAUSE IT HAS ADDED A PROTON. MOST FUSION REACTIONS
ALTERNATE BETWEEN PROTON ADDITION AND NEUTRON ADDITION SO THAT ABOUT FIFTY PERCENT OF
THE TIME IT WILL BE A NEUTRON THAT IS ADDED TO THE CATION.
THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH IS THE KEY TO HOW DENSE THE PLASMA IS IN ANY GIVEN AREA. SO
LONG AS THE FIELD STRENGTH IS GREATER THAN SOME CRITICAL VALUE, THE PLASMA DENSITY WILL
ALSO BE LOWER THAN SOME CRITICAL VALUE.
BUT AFTER ENOUGH FUSION PROCESSES HAVE TAKEN PLACE, PERHAPS OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS, THE
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH WILL DROP BELOW ITS CRITICAL VALUE, AND LIKEWISE THE DENSITY OF
THE PLASMA WILL RISE ABOVE ITS CRITICAL VALUE AND THIS WILL CAUSE AN EVENT TO OCCUR WHICH
CAN BE CALLED A 'GALACTIC NOVA'.
A 'GALACTIC NOVA' IS AN EVENT WHERE A GALAXY EMERGES FROM PLASMA WHICH HAS COLLAPSED
DUE TO A WEAKENING MAGNETIC FIELD.
GALACTIC NOVAS: THE FORMATION QUASARS
FROM THE VERY BEGINNING, WHEN THE UNIVERSE WAS JUST BORN AND STILL COOLING DOWN WITHIN
ITS STEADY STATE ENVIRONMENT, MAGNETISM AND GRAVITY WERE FIGHTING A TUG OF WAR WITHIN
THE PLASMA. BUT DURING THOSE SEEMINGLY ENDLESS YEARS OF STEADY STATE EXISTENCE, MAGNETISM WAS THE DOMINANT FORCE AND GRAVITY LOST EVERY FIGHT.
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BUT OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS, FUSION PROCESSES WEAKENED THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND GAVE
GRAVITY THE UPPER HAND IN AREA AFTER AREA. THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES FOR A GIVEN POINT IN
SPACE WILL DEPEND ENTIRELY ON THE TOTAL MASS IN THAT AREA. THE COLLECTIVE GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD WILL ALWAYS PULL FROM THE CENTER OF THE MASS. AS LONG AS THE TOTAL MASS REMAINS THE
SAME THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD WILL REMAIN THE SAME AND THE PULL WILL BE FROM THE SAME
CENTER OF MASS.
BUT THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS VARIABLE. WHEN THE MAGNETIC FIELD GETS WEAK ENOUGH THE
ELECTRONS AND PROTONS IN THE PLASMA GRID FALL IN TOWARDS THE CENTER OF MASS. THIS
WEAKENS THE MAGNETIC FIELD MORE BECAUSE OF THE LOSS OF THESE ELECTRICAL CHARGES. AS THE
FIELD WEAKENS, EVEN MORE CHARGED PARTICLES ARE PULLED IN TOWARDS THE CENTER, WHICH
WEAKENS THE FIELD, WHICH CAUSES MORE CHARGES TO FALL TOWARD THE CENTER AND THIS IS A RUNAWAY CHAIN REACTION WHICH DOESN'T STOP UNTIL GRAVITY HAS CLAIMED ALL OF THE MASS
THAT IT CAN.
THE CHAIN REACTION CULMINATES IN A MASSIVE EXPLOSION AS ALL THE MATTER THAT IS SUCKED
INTO THE CENTER IS CONDENSED IN AN EXOTHERMIC REACTION. THIS MASSIVE EXPLOSION IS THE
PROCESS BY WHICH QUASARS ARE FORMED. THE LARGER THE SPHERICAL GALAXY THAT IS BEING
CREATED OUT OF THE MATTER, THE MORE POWERFUL THE EXPLOSION THAT RESULTS, AND THE
LARGER THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE THAT WILL EVENTUALLY BE LEFT BEHIND AFTER THE QUASAR
COOLS DOWN; AND A NEW GALAXY IS BORN. THIS ENTIRE PROCESS IS CALLED A 'GALACTIC NOVA'
EVENT.
AFTER THE 'STEADY STATE' PERIOD ENDED AND GALACTIC FORMATION BEGAN; THE ONCE COMPLETELY
DARK MATTER PLASMAVERSE STARTED TO ATOMIZE AS QUASAR, AFTER QUASAR, AFTER QUASAR, BEGAN
POPPING UP ALL OVER. EVERY GALAXY WAS BORN AS A 'SPHERICAL GALAXY' WITH A QUASAR AT ITS
CENTER. FOR PERHAPS TEN BILLIONS YEARS, OR SO, THERE WERE QUASARS LIGHTING UP THE SKY IN
WHICHEVER DIRECTION YOU CARED TO LOOK.
I CALL THIS THE 'GALACTIC NOVA' PHASE, AS MOST OF THE GALAXIES THAT ASTRONOMERS LOOK AT
WERE BORN WITHIN THIS PERIOD.
BUT EVENTUALLY THEY ALL COOLED DOWN TO LEAVE THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AT THE
CENTER OF EACH GALAXY AS THE ONLY SIGN THAT THESE QUASARS EVER EXISTED. THE ONLY QUASARS
THAT CAN BE SEEN IN THE NIGHT SKY TODAY, BY HUMAN ASTRONOMERS, ARE FROM THE NEWEST
GALAXIES THAT WERE FORMED AFTER THAT 'GALACTIC NOVA' PHASE WAS OVER.
QUASARS, SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AND
SPHERICAL GALAXIES
ALL GALAXIES ARE BORN AS LARGE SPHERICAL GALAXIES WITH A QUASAR AT THE CENTER. THE QUASAR
WILL EVENTUALLY COOL DOWN TO LEAVE A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
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quasar
astronomy
Written by Bradley Peterson
Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
quasar, an astronomical object of very high luminosity found in the centres of some galaxies and powered by gas spiraling at high velocity into an extremely large black hole. The brightest quasars can outshine all of the stars in the galaxies in which they reside, which makes them visible even at distances of billions of light-years. Quasars are among the most distant and luminous objects known.
https://www.britannica.com/science/quasar
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THE FIRST GALAXIES WERE ALWAYS BORN WITH A QUASAR AT THE CENTER. BUT ALL QUASARS ARE
ACTUALLY SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES WHICH ARE STILL IN THE COOLING PROCESS.
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Supermassive Black Hole
Supermassive black holes contain between one hundred thousand and ten billion times more mass than our Sun.
As of 2022, there are over 150 confirmed supermassive black holes in our local Universe (with direct mass measurements). They typically exist at the centre of large galaxies, including the centre of our own galaxy, the 15 of 27
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Milky Way.
For many years, astronomers in the 1900s had only indirect evidence for supermassive black holes, the most compelling of which was the existence of quasars in remote active galaxies. Observations of the energy output and variability timescales of quasars revealed that they radiate over a trillion times as much energy as our Sun from a region about the size of the Solar System. The only mechanism capable of producing such enormous amounts of energy is the conversion of gravitational energy into light by a massive black hole.
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/s/supermassive+black+hole ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS STILL HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO BEFORE THEY CATCH UP TO THE
DYNAMISM MODEL FOR QUASARS AND SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES.
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What Are Elliptical Galaxies?
By Elizabeth Howell published January 9, 2019
Classification and characteristics
In 1926, Edwin Hubble devised a system to classify galaxies. Known as the Hubble sequence, or the "Hubble tuning-fork," it organizes galaxies based on their shape. Under this organization, elliptical galaxies are classified by how stretched out they are. Galaxies classified as E0 appear to be almost perfect circles (remember, a circle is an ellipse), while those listed as E7 seem much longer than they are wide. A galaxy's appearance is related to how it lies on the sky when viewed from Earth. A galaxy having the E7 shape but seen head on would appear as an E0, for instance, because observers would not see its stretched shape, which lies "behind" it.
Elliptical galaxies have a broader range in size than other types of galaxies. The smallest are dwarf elliptical galaxies, which can be less than 10 percent of the size of the Milky Way. But ellipticals can also stretch to more than a million light-years across, and contain more than ten trillion stars. M87, identified as one of the largest galaxies in the universe, is classified as an E0 elliptical galaxy.
https://www.space.com/22395-elliptical-galaxies.html
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'GALAXIES CLASSIFIED AS E0 APPEAR TO BE ALMOST PERFECT CIRCLES (REMEMBER A CIRCLE IS AN
ELLIPSE)'.
WHAT I CALL A 'SPHERICAL' GALAXY IS WHAT THEY CALL AN 'ELLIPTICAL' GALAXY THAT IS VERY
CIRCULAR.
'BUT ELLIPTICALS CAN ALSO STRETCH TO MORE THAN A MILLION LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS, AND CONTAIN
MORE THAN TEN TRILLION STARS. M87, IDENTIFIED AS ONE OF THE LARGEST GALAXIES IN THE
UNIVERSE, IS CLASSIFIED AS AN E0 ELLIPTICAL GALAXY.'
'M87' IS WHAT I CALL A SPHERICAL GALAXY. THE QUOTATION STATES THAT IT IS ONE OF THE LARGEST
GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE. SPHERICAL GALAXIES ARE 'YOUNG' GALAXIES AS THEY ARE BORN AT THEIR
LARGEST AND THEN SHRINK TO A SMALLER SIZE AS THEY AGE. SPHERICAL GALAXIES ARE VERY LARGE
VERY SLOW ROTATING GALAXIES. THEIR ROTATION SPEED WILL INCREASE OVER TIME AND AS THE
ROTATION RATE INCREASES, THEY WILL START TO FLATTEN OUT TO EVENTUALLY BECOME SPIRAL
GALAXIES. THESE SPIRAL GALAXIES ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN ELLIPTICALS AND HAVE A MUCH HIGHER
ROTATION RATE. AS TIME PASSES, THE ROTATION RATE INCREASES AND THE SPIRAL GALAXY WILL
SHRINK EVEN FURTHER TO BECOME AN IRREGULAR GALAXY. THESE IRREGULAR GALAXIES ARE THE
'OLD MEN' OF THE UNIVERSE. THEIR ROTATION SPEED IS VERY HIGH AND THEY ARE DENSELY PACKED
WITH STARS.
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Momentum Machine
What's Going On?
Newton found that an object in motion tends to remain in motion, in a straight line and at a constant speed, unless it is acted upon by a net force. Today, we call this observation the law of conservation of momentum. The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and its velocity. There is an equivalent law for rotating objects.
A rotating object tends to remain rotating with a constant angular momentum unless it is acted upon by an outside twisting force. The definition of angular momentum is more complex than that of linear momentum.
Angular momentum is the product of two quantities known as angular velocity and moment of inertia. Angular velocity is merely velocity measured in degrees, or radians-per-second, rather than meters-per-second. Moment of inertia depends on both the mass of an object and on how that mass is distributed. The farther from the axis of 16 of 27
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rotation the mass is located, the larger the moment of inertia. So your moment of inertia is smaller when your arms are held at your sides and larger when your arms are extended straight out. If the motion of a rotating system is not affected by an outside twisting force, then angular momentum is conserved for this system, which means that the angular momentum stays the same. A person sitting on a rotating chair or stool approximates a system in which angular momentum is conserved. The friction of the bearings on the chair stem serves as an outside twisting force, but this force is usually fairly low for such chairs. Because angular momentum is conserved, the product of angular velocity and moment of inertia must remain constant. This means that if one of these factors is increased, the other must decrease, and vice versa. If you’re initially rotating with your arms outstretched, then when you draw your arms inward, your moment of inertia decreases. This means that your angular velocity must increase, and you spin faster. The conservation of angular momentum explains why ice skaters start to spin faster when they suddenly draw their arms inward, or why divers or gymnasts who decrease their moment of inertia by going into the tuck position start to flip or twist at a faster rate.
https://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/momentum-machine
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THE SAME PRINCIPLE OF INCREASING ROTATION SPEED BY REDISTRIBUTING THE MASS IS APPLICABLE
TO GALACTIC ROTATION SPEEDS AND STRUCTURE. THE ARTICLE ABOVE SHOWS THE PRINCIPLE BEING
APPLIED IN SUCH A WAY THAT CHANGING THE MASS DISTRIBUTION WILL CHANGE THE SPEED OF
ROTATION. WITH GALACTIC ROTATION, THE PRINCIPLE IS APPLIED IN THE OPPOSITE WAY AS THE EVER
INCREASING RATE OF GALACTIC ROTATION WILL CHANGE THE DISTRIBUTION OF MASS IN SUCH A WAY
AS TO MAKE THE GALAXY FLATTER AND DENSER OVER TIME.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A GALAXY:
• MASSIVE EXPLOSIVE CREATION OF A QUASAR CORE WHICH COOLS TO A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK
HOLE.
• BORN AS A SPHERICAL GALAXY [E0: ELLIPTICAL GALAXY] LARGE WITH SLOW ROTATION SPEED.
• GROWS FLATTER [E1 - E7: ELLIPTICAL GALAXY] SHRINKING WITH FASTER ROTATION SPEED.
• BECOMES SPIRAL GALAXY FLATTER AND DENSER WITH FASTER ROTATION SPEED.
• ENDS AS AN IRREGULAR GALAXY SMALL AND DENSE WITH FASTEST ROTATION SPEED.
STELLAR NOVAS: THE FORMATION OF STARS
WHEN THE RUNAWAY CHAIN REACTION IN A PLASMA RESULTS IN A GALACTIC NOVA, AND A SPHERICAL
GALAXY IS BORN, THE STARS ARE NOT BORN AT THE SAME TIME AS THE GALAXY. THE STARS WILL BE
BORN LATER.
THE COMPOSITION OF A NEW GALAXY IS THE SAME AS THE MATTER THAT IT WAS FORMED FROM. THE
PRE-GALACTIC MATERIAL IS PLASMA, WHICH IS DARK MATTER AND NON-ATOMIC BECAUSE THE CATIONS
DO NOT HAVE ELECTRON SHELLS. THE GALAXY WHICH IS BORN IS ALSO COMPOSED OF PLASMA. THE
STARS WILL BE BORN OUT OF THIS PLASMA.
THE PLASMA IN THE NEW GALAXY DOES NOT HAVE A VERY STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD TO HOLD THE
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE AT BAY. SO WITHIN REGIONS OF THE GALAXY WHERE THE MAGNETIC FIELDS ARE
ESPECIALLY WEAK, GRAVITY WILL CAUSE THE SAME KIND OF RUNAWAY CHAIN REACTION THAT
RESULTED IN THE QUASAR AT THE CENTER OF MASS TO EXPLODE INTO EXISTENCE. BUT WITHIN THE
GALAXY THIS RUNAWAY REACTION OCCURS ON A MUCH SMALLER SCALE, ALBEIT ANALOGICALLY
SIMILAR, BECAUSE IT ENDS IN A SIMILAR FASHION WITH AN EXPLOSIVE NOVA; AND A STAR IS BORN.
A NEWLY FORMED GALAXY IS BASICALLY JUST A QUASAR AT THE CENTER SURROUNDED BY A PLASMA SPHERE. THE PLASMA HAS A MULTIPLICITY OF AREAS WHERE THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS WEAKER THAN
THE CRITICAL VALUE. IN THESE PLACES, THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD WILL OVERWHELM THE MAGNETIC
FIELD AND START THE CHAIN REACTION THAT LEADS TO THE BIRTH OF A STAR IN A NOVA EXPLOSION.
THE DYNAPLASMIC MODEL PREDICTS THAT A GALAXY CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE QUASAR
[SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE] AT ITS CENTER. THE POSSIBILITY EXISTS BECAUSE OF THE WAY GALAXIES
ARE FORMED. WHEN A GALAXY IS BORN, ITS CENTER IS A QUASAR BUT THE REST OF IT IS STILL PLASMA.
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT A GALAXY COULD BE BORN THAT IS LARGE ENOUGH THAT AN AREA OF PLASMA WITHIN IT, WHICH IS THE SIZE OF A GALAXY, COULD ALSO COLLAPSE INTO A RUNAWAY CHAIN REACTION
THAT CREATES A SECOND QUASAR. IN SUCH A CASE, THE TECHNICAL WAY TO DESCRIBE IT IS THAT A SECOND SMALLER GALAXY WAS BORN WITHIN THE LARGER PRIMARY GALAXY. BECAUSE THE TWO
QUASAR CENTERS ARE IN SUCH RELATIVE CLOSE PROXIMITY, THEY WOULD NATURALLY HAVE A VERY
POWERFUL GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION FOR ONE ANOTHER AND WOULD END UP ORBITING EACH
OTHER LIKE A PLANET AND ITS MOON ORBIT EACH OTHER. WHEN I SAY ORBIT EACH OTHER, WHAT I MEAN IS THAT EACH QUASAR WOULD ORBIT AROUND A CENTER OF MASS POINT THAT LIES BETWEEN
THEM. IF THERE ARE ANY RECORDS OF GALAXIES THAT HAVE TWO BLACK HOLES AT THEIR CENTER, IT
WOULD MOST LIKELY BE INTERPRETED BY ASTRONOMERS AS TWO GALAXIES HAVING COLLIDED AND
THEN MERGED WITH ONE ANOTHER.
THE COLLISION MODEL FOR GALAXIES IS FUNDAMENTALLY FLAWED BECAUSE GALAXIES TEND TO ORBIT
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THE CENTER OF A GALACTIC CLUSTER. A GALACTIC CLUSTER WILL ORBIT THE CENTER OF A SUPERGALACTIC CLUSTER AND SO ON. ANY APPEARANCE OF GALAXIES ON A COLLISION COURSE IS
APPEARANCE ONLY.
GALAXIES CAN CROSS PATHS WITH ONE ANOTHER, BUT THEY WILL MAINTAIN THEIR RESPECTIVE PATHS
IN ORBIT AROUND THEIR RESPECTIVE LARGER BODY'S CENTER OF MASS. NEPTUNE AND PLUTO WILL
ALTERNATE AS TO WHICH IS MOST DISTANT FROM THE SUN AT ANY GIVEN TIME, BUT THEY WILL NEVER
COLLIDE WITH EACH OTHER.
THE LIKELIHOOD OF TWO GALAXIES COLLIDING WOULD BE THE SAME AS THE LIKELIHOOD OF MERCURY
AND VENUS COLLIDING. THERE ARE TIMES WHEN THE TWO PLANETS LOOK LIKE THEY ARE ON A COLLISION COURSE, BUT THEY BOTH ORBIT THE SUN AT DIFFERENT ORBITAL DISTANCES SO IT IS
IMPOSSIBLE FOR THEM TO COLLIDE. SIMILARLY WITH GALAXIES, THEY MAY LOOK LIKE THEY ARE ON A COLLISION COURSE, BUT THEY ARE EACH IN ORBIT AROUND SOMETHING ELSE AND THEY NEVER
COLLIDE IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY WOULD END UP MERGING WITH EACH OTHER..
SO IF A GALAXY APPEARS TO HAVE TWO SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES, THE MOST LIKELY SCENARIO IS
THAT A SECONDARY GALAXY WAS BORN WITHIN THE PRIMARY GALAXY. THEN THE TWO BLACK HOLES
MOVED TOWARDS EACH OTHER WITHIN THE GALAXY BECAUSE OF GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION. THE
SECOND SCENARIO IS THAT TWO GALAXIES ARE CROSSING PATHS. BUT IN THIS CASE THE BLACK HOLES
WILL SEPARATE FROM EACH OTHER AS THE TWO GALAXIES WILL CONTINUE ON THEIR RESPECTIVE
ORBITAL PATHS.
BLACK HOLES ONLY COME IN ONE VARIETY; SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES THAT STARTED LIFE AS A QUASAR AND THEN COOLED DOWN. THERE ARE NO OTHER TYPES OF BLACK HOLES.
THE BIRTH OF A STAR IS AN EXPLOSIVE NOVA EVENT. BUT WHEN A NEWLY BORN SPHERICAL GALAXY
STILL HAS AN EXTREMELY BRIGHT QUASAR WHICH IS STILL IN THE PROCESS OF COOLING DOWN, THE
NOVAS THAT OCCUR WITH STAR FORMATIONS IN THIS EARLY PERIOD WILL BE SO DIM IN COMPARISON
TO THE COOLING QUASAR, THAT FOR ALL INTENTS AND PURPOSES, THESE NOVAS WILL BE INVISIBLE.
GALACTIC NOVAS AND STELLAR NOVAS REPRESENT THE BIRTH OF AN ASTRONOMICAL BODY. A GALACTIC NOVA IS THE BIRTH OF A GALAXY FEATURING A MASSIVE EXPLOSION AT THE CENTER OF MASS
WHICH IS CALLED A QUASAR. A STELLAR NOVA IS THE BIRTH OF A STAR FEATURING AN EXPLOSION AT
THE CENTER OF MASS WHICH CREATES A SOLAR SYSTEM. THE EXPLOSIONS ARE ANALOGICALLY
SIMILAR EVEN THOUGH THE AMOUNT OF MATTER NECESSARY FOR A GALACTIC NOVA IS HUNDREDS OF
THOUSANDS OF TIMES, PERHAPS MILLIONS OF TIMES, GREATER THAN THAT NEEDED FOR A STELLAR
NOVA. THE KEY TO THE ANALOGY IS THE EXOTHERMIC REACTION THAT OCCURS IN BOTH SITUATIONS.
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Changing States of Matter
Freezing
Heat transfer occurs between the warmer tray and the colder air in the freezer. The warm water loses heat to the cold air in the freezer. This heat transfer occurs until no energy is available for the particles to slide past each other. This forces them to remain in fixed positions, locked in place by the force of attraction between them. This way liquid water is changed into solid ice. The process of liquid water changing to solid ice is termed as freezing.
The temperature at which it occurs is known as the freezing point.
https://byjus.com/physics/changing-states-of-matter/
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ANY PROCESS WHICH CAUSES A SUBSTANCE TO LOSE ENERGY AND BECOME LESS ACTIVE; IS AN
EXOTHERMIC PROCESS.
SOME EXAMPLES OF EXOTHERMIC PROCESS:
1. CHANGING A VAPOR TO A LIQUID.
2. CHANGING A LIQUID TO A SOLID.
3. ELECTRONS EMITTING PHOTONS IN AN ATOM.
4. STELLAR NOVA: STAR FORMATION.
5. GALACTIC NOVA: QUASAR FORMATION.
6. CHANGING A QUASAR INTO A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
LESS ACTIVITY MEANS MORE STABILITY. EVERY OBJECT THAT IS FORMED OUT OF THE PLASMA HAS TO
GO THROUGH AN EXOTHERMIC PROCESS IN ORDER TO CREATE A STABLE INTERNAL STRUCTURE. ALL
OBJECTS THAT HAVE UNDERGONE EXOTHERMIC PROCESS IS MORE STABLE AND LESS ENERGETIC THAN
THEY WERE BEFORE THE PROCESS.
IN 1. AND 2. ABOVE, A COOLING PROCESS IS BEING APPLIED TO THE VAPOR AND THE LIQUID TO
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DECREASE THE ENERGY WITHIN THE MATTER. IN 3. ABOVE, THE ELECTRONS ARE EMITTING PHOTONS
WHICH DECREASES THE ENERGY WITHIN THE ELECTRON. IN 4. AND 5. ABOVE, THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
SQUEEZES EXCESS ENERGY OUT OF THE PLASMA MATTER WHICH ALLOWS THE OBJECTS TO FORM A STABLE STRUCTURE. IN 6. ABOVE, A COOLING PROCESS SIMILAR TO WHAT HAPPENS IN THE FIRST TWO, DECREASES THE ENERGY TO EVENTUALLY RESULT IN A STABLE STRUCTURE.
ALL SIX OF THE ABOVE REPRESENT EXOTHERMIC PROCESSES WHERE THE ENERGY IS EXITING FROM
THE OBJECT IN THE FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RAYS. IN 1. 2. AND 6. ABOVE, THE COOLING PROCESS
TAKES PLACE IN THE FORM OF (THERMAL) ENERGY RADIATING AWAY. IN 3. ABOVE THE PHOTONS
EMITTED BY THE ELECTRON LEAVES IN THE FORM OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC RAY. IN 4. AND 5. THE
RUNAWAY CHAIN REACTION THAT CAUSES THE NOVA IS DUE TO A GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE, BUT THE
ENERGY THAT IS EXPELLED DURING THE NOVA, IS EXPELLED IN THE FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RAYS.
1. ENERGY IS MATTER/MASS IN MOTION.
2. THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS MASSLESS MOTION.
3. THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A MASSLESS PARTICLE.
4. ENERGY SEEKS BALANCE.
THE GALACTIC AND STELLAR NOVAS OCCUR AFTER A GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE WITHIN THE PLASMA.
BUT THE PHOTONS THAT ARE RADIATING AWAY ARE MASSIVE PARTICLES THAT ARE TAKING SOME OF
THE ORIGINAL PLASMA MASS AWAY IN THE FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. THIS IS TO SAY
THAT BOTH THE GALACTIC NOVA AND THE STELLAR NOVA REPRESENT EXOTHERMIC PROCESSES WHICH
RADIATE AWAY THE UNNECESSARY MASS IN THE FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, DUE TO THE
POWERFUL GRAVITATIONAL FORCE SQUEEZING OUT ALL THAT UNNECESSARY MATTER.
ALL OF THE NATURAL PHYSICS, REPRESENTS ENERGY SEEKING TO BALANCE ITSELF OUT, WHICH IS
GOD'S INTELLIGENT DESIGN. THE PLASMA IS NOT CONDUCIVE TO LIFE BECAUSE IT IS DARK MATTER
AND CAN NOT FORM ANY CHEMICAL BONDS, OR EVEN INTERACT WITH PHOTONS. MANKIND CAN ONLY
GUESS WHETHER A DARK REGION OF SPACE IS AN EMPTY VACUUM, OR CONTAINS PLASMA, BY USING
MAGNETOSCOPES TO MEASURE HOW MUCH MAGNETISM IS EMANATING FROM THAT AREA.
THE EXOTHERMIC PROCESS ENDS WHEN ALL OF THE EXCESS ENERGY HAS RADIATED AWAY. THIS IS AN
IMPORTANT CONCEPT TO UNDERSTAND FOR IT IS THE FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS BY WHICH ANY OBJECT
IN THE UNIVERSE IS NATURALLY CREATED WITH A STABLE STRUCTURE. TOO MUCH ENERGY TENDS TO
BREAK BONDS BECAUSE IT TENDS TO DECREASE THE DENSITY OF AN OBJECT BY EXPANDING IT. REMOVE
THAT EXCESS ENERGY, AND THE OBJECT TENDS TO CREATE BONDS BECAUSE IT BECOMES DENSER.
THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CREATION OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES: 1. THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN A REGION OF PLASMA WEAKENS BELOW SOME CRITICAL VALUE.
2. GRAVITY CAUSES A RUNAWAY CHAIN REACTION COLLAPSE OF THE PLASMA INTO A QUASAR.
3. THE QUASAR EXOTHERMICALLY RADIATES AWAY VAST AMOUNTS OF EXCESS MASS THROUGH
MOSTLY ELECTROMAGNET RADIATION.
4. WHEN THE QUASAR FINISHES COOLING DOWN, THE FINAL RESULT IS A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK
HOLE.
5. THE BLACK HOLE EJECTED THE ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON, DURING THE QUASAR
EXOTHERMIC PROCESS, AS THE 'EXCESS MASS'.
6. THE BLACK HOLE IS FREE OF ALL EXCESS ENERGY, MATTER, AND MASS; AND IS EXTREMELY DENSE.
7. THE BLACK HOLE IS APPROXIMATELY AS DENSE AS A NEUTRINO.
WHEN ALL OF THE EXCESS MATTER, WHICH INCLUDES THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON, HAS BEEN RADIATED AWAY BY THE QUASAR, THE REMAINING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE IS COMPOSED
ENTIRELY OF NEUTRINOS AND THUS HAS APPROXIMATELY THE SAME DENSITY AS A NEUTRINO. THESE
NEUTRINOS ARE AS TIGHTLY PACKED WITHIN THE BLACK HOLE AS THE NEUTRINOS IN THE VOID ARE
PACKED. THUS THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE REPRESENTS A MINI-VOID WITHIN THE GALAXY.
THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CREATION OF STAR:
1. THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN A REGION OF PLASMA WEAKENS BELOW SOME CRITICAL VALUE.
2. GRAVITY CAUSES A RUNAWAY CHAIN REACTION COLLAPSE OF THE PLASMA INTO A DENSE BALL OF
MOSTLY HYDROGEN GAS.
3. THE HYDROGEN GAS BALL EXOTHERMICALLY RADIATES AWAY VAST AMOUNTS OF EXCESS MASS
THROUGH MOSTLY ELECTROMAGNET RADIATION.
4. WHEN THE HYDROGEN GAS BALL FINISHES COOLING DOWN, THE FINAL RESULT IS A STAR WITH A CORONA.
5. THE STAR ONLY CONTAINS ATOMIC ELEMENTS UP TO IRON. THE HEAVIER ELEMENTS WERE
EJECTED DURING THE EXOTHERMIC PROCESS AS THE 'EXCESS MASS'.
6. THE STAR IS FREE OF ALL EXCESS ENERGY, MATTER, AND MASS; AND ITS CORE IS VERY DENSE.
WHEN ALL OF THE EXCESS MATTER, WHICH INCLUDES THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON, HAS BEEN RADIATED AWAY BY THE EXOTHERMIC PROCESS, THE REMAINING MATTER IS A STAR WITH A CORONA. WITH THE EXCESS MATTER HAVING BEEN EJECTED, THE REMAINING MATTER IS MUCH MORE
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STABLE WITHIN THE DENSELY PACKED INTERNAL ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE STAR. THE OUTER PART
OF THE STAR IS COMPOSED OF IONIZED GAS, WHILE THE INNER PARTS IS MOSTLY HIGHLY COMPRESSED
H2 GAS .
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
What Is the Sun's Corona?
Our Sun is surrounded by a jacket of gases called an atmosphere. The corona is the outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere. The corona is usually hidden by the bright light of the Sun's surface. That makes it difficult to see without using special instruments. However, the corona can be seen during a total solar eclipse.
During a total solar eclipse, the moon passes between Earth and the Sun. When this happens, the moon blocks out the bright light of the Sun. The glowing white corona can then be seen surrounding the eclipsed Sun.
Why is the corona so dim?
The corona reaches extremely high temperatures. However, the corona is very dim. Why? The corona is about 10
million times less dense than the Sun’s surface. This low density makes the corona much less bright than the surface of the Sun.
Why is the corona so hot?
The corona’s high temperatures are a bit of a mystery. Imagine that you’re sitting next to a campfire. It’s nice and warm. But when you walk away from the fire, you feel cooler. This is the opposite of what seems to happen on the Sun.
Astronomers have been trying to solve this mystery for a long time. The corona is in the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere—far from its surface. Yet the corona is hundreds of times hotter than the Sun’s surface.
A NASA mission called IRIS may have provided one possible answer. The mission discovered packets of very hot material called "heat bombs" that travel from the Sun into the corona. In the corona, the heat bombs explode and release their energy as heat. But astronomers think that this is only one of many ways in which the corona is heated.
Coronal loops and streamers
The surface of the Sun is covered in magnetic fields. This is the force that makes magnets stick to metal, like the door of your refrigerator.
The Sun's magnetic fields affect charged particles in the corona to form beautiful features. These include streamers, loops, and plumes. We can view these features in detail with special telescopes.
How does the corona cause solar winds?
The corona extends far out into space. From it comes the solar wind that travels through our solar system. The corona's temperature causes its particles to move at very high speeds. These speeds are so high that the particles can escape the Sun's gravity.
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sun-corona/en/
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
EVERY STAR CREATED THROUGH THE STELLAR NOVA PROCESS HAS A CORONA.
THE NOVA PROCESS FOR GALAXY AND STAR CREATION, IS AN EXOTHERMIC PROCESS WHOSE PRIMARY
PURPOSE IS TO CREATE A STABLE CORE FOR A GALACTIC SYSTEM AND FOR A SOLAR SYSTEM. THE CORE
OF A GALACTIC SYSTEM IS THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE AT THE CENTER OF MASS FOR THE GALAXY.
THE CORE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS THE STAR AT THE CENTER OF MASS OF THE SYSTEM. DURING THE
NOVA PROCESS, THE EXCESS ENERGY WHICH WOULD INTERFERE WITH THE CREATION OF A STABLE
CORE IS EJECTED FROM THE CORE. THE ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON, ON THE PERIODIC TABLE, ARE
AUTOMATICALLY EJECTED DURING CORE FORMATION AS THEY WOULD INTERFERE WITH THE BONDING
PROCESS THAT GOES ON WITHIN THE CORE. THESE HEAVIER ELEMENTS ULTIMATELY END UP IN THE
PLANETS, MOONS, ASTEROIDS, COMETS, AND DUST WITHIN SOLAR SYSTEMS.
OBVIOUSLY, WITHOUT THESE HEAVIER ELEMENTS, LIFE COULD NOT EXIST AS IT DOES WITHIN OUR
SOLAR SYSTEM. THEREFORE, THIS ENTIRE PROCESS; FROM THE QUASAR EXOTHERMIC PROCESS, WHICH
OCCURRED AT THE BIRTH OF OUR MILKY WAY GALAXY, TO THE CREATION OF OUR PLANET EARTH, WHICH HAS ALL OF THESE ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON IN ITS CRUST; HAS TO BE PART OF GOD'S
INTELLIGENT DESIGN.
ULTIMATELY, MOST OF THE PLASMA WITHIN THE NEW GALAXY, AND PROBABLY ALL OF IT, WILL BE
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ATOMIZED THROUGH THE STAR FORMATION PROCESS. APPARENTLY, IN THE ABSENCE OF A STRONG
ENOUGH MAGNETIC FIELD, THE CATIONS WITHIN THE PLASMA TEND TO AUTOMATICALLY DEVELOP
ELECTRON SHELL STRUCTURES, WHICH THEN PULLS IN NEARBY ELECTRONS TO COMPLETE THE
ATOMIZATION PROCESS. IT IS ONLY THE PRESENCE OF THESE POWERFUL MAGNETIC FIELDS THAT
KEEPS THE PLASMA FROM ATOMIZING.
HOWEVER, THE DYNAPLASMIC MODEL PREDICTS THAT AREAS OF THE UNIVERSE THAT HAVE PLASMAS
WHICH HAVE POWERFUL SUPERCONDUCTING CURRENTS WITHIN IT WILL REMAIN PLASMATIZED
INDEFINITELY DUE TO INERTIA. IN THE ABSENCE OF SOME OUTSIDE FORCE THAT WOULD PUT AN END
TO THE SUPERCONDUCTING CURRENTS, THE MAGNETIC FIELDS GENERATED BY THE SUPERCURRENTS
WILL PREVENT FUSION FROM OCCURRING IN THOSE AREAS AND THE SURROUNDING PLASMA AREAS AS
WELL. SINCE PLASMA IS DARK MATTER, THE ONLY HUMAN INSTRUMENTS THAT COULD POSSIBLY TELL
WHETHER A SEEMINGLY EMPTY PATCH OF SPACE IS JUST A SPATIAL VACUUM OR IS ACTUALLY FILLED
WITH PLASMA; ARE EXTREMELY SENSITIVE MAGNETOSCOPES DESIGNED FOR THAT PURPOSE.
STRINGS AND SUPERSTRING
THE SO-CALLED 'ACTION AT A DISTANCE' IS ACTUALLY THE FORCES OF NATURE WHICH ARE CARRIED BY
STRINGS:
• THE POSITIVE ELECTRICAL FORCES ARE CARRIED BY P-STRINGS.
• THE NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL FORCES ARE CARRIED BY N-STRINGS.
• THE MAGNETIC FORCES ARE CARRIED BY M-STRINGS.
• THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES ARE CARRIED BY EM-STRINGS.
• THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES ARE CARRIED BY G-STRINGS.
HOWEVER, THE MOST POWERFUL STRINGS ARE EMITTED BY THE VOID. THESE STRINGS ARE
'SUPERSTRINGS' THAT CARRY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE, OR G-STRINGS, FROM THE VOID INTO OUR
UNIVERSE.
ALL GRAVITATIONAL FORCES, OR G-STRINGS, ARE TECHNICALLY SUPERSTRINGS BECAUSE THEY WORK
'INSTANTANEOUSLY'. THE SLIGHT ATTRACTION THAT EVERY NEUTRINO HAS FOR EVERY OTHER
NEUTRINO IS NOT LIMITED BY ANY KIND OF RANGE OF DISTANCE. INCREDIBLY, EVERY NEUTRINO
WITHIN THE INFINITE VOID IS ATTRACTED TO EVERY OTHER NEUTRINO WITHIN IT, AND ALSO TO EVERY
NEUTRINO WITHIN OUR UNIVERSE. THIS IS WHAT QUALIFIES THE G-STRINGS WHICH CARRY THE
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE, AS SUPERSTRINGS; THIS CONCEPT OF 'INSTANTANEITY'.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Updated 2011 by Steve Carlip, and 1998 by Steve Carlip, Matthew Wiener and Geoffrey Landis.
ORIGINAL by Steve Carlip.
Does Gravity Travel at the Speed of Light?
To begin with, the speed of gravity has not been measured directly in the laboratory—the gravitational interaction is too weak, and such an experiment is beyond present technological capabilities. The "speed of gravity" must therefore be deduced from astronomical observations, and the answer depends on what model of gravity one uses to describe those observations.
In the simple newtonian model, gravity propagates instantaneously: the force exerted by a massive object points directly toward that object's present position. For example, even though the Sun is 500 light seconds from Earth, newtonian gravity describes a force on Earth directed towards the Sun's position "now," not its position 500
seconds ago. Putting a "light travel delay" (technically called "retardation") into newtonian gravity would make orbits unstable, leading to predictions that clearly contradict Solar System observations.
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/GR/grav_speed.html ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE OTHER FORCES PROPAGATE AT THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT AND THEREFORE ARE NOT SUPERSTRINGS.
THE UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Expanding Universe
Dark energy is even more mysterious, and its discovery in the 1990s was a complete shock to scientists.
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universe over time. But when two independent teams tried to measure the rate of deceleration, they found that the expansion was actually speeding up. One scientist likened the finding to throwing a set of keys up in the air expecting them to fall back down-only to see them fly straight up toward the ceiling.
Scientists now think that the accelerated expansion of the universe is driven by a kind of repulsive force generated by quantum fluctuations in otherwise "empty" space. What's more, the force seems to be growing stronger as the universe expands. For lack of a better name, scientists call this mysterious force dark energy.
Unlike for dark matter, scientists have no plausible explanation for dark energy. According to one idea, dark energy is a fifth and previously unknown type of fundamental force called quintessence, which fills the universe like a fluid.
Many scientists have also pointed out that the known properties of dark energy are consistent with a cosmological constant, a mathematical Band-Aid that Albert Einstein added to his theory of general relativity to make his equations fit with the notion of a static universe. According to Einstein, the constant would be a repulsive force that counteracts gravity, keeping the universe from collapsing in on itself. Einstein later discarded the idea when astronomical observations revealed that the universe was expanding, calling the cosmological constant his "biggest blunder."
Now that we see the expansion of the universe is accelerating, adding in dark energy as a cosmological constant could neatly explain how space-time is being stretched apart. But that explanation still leaves scientists clueless as to why the strange force exists in the first place.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dark-matter ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF GRAVITATIONAL STRINGS:
1. SUPERSTRINGS FROM 'FINITE' MASS FORM A REGULAR GRAVITATIONAL FIELD.
2. SUPERSTRINGS FROM 'INFINITE' MASS FORM A UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD.
THE UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EMANATES FROM THE VOID WHICH HAS 'INFINITE MASS'. THIS
TYPE OF FIELD DOES NOT ACT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW.
ALL OTHER GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS EMANATE FROM 'FINITE' MASSES WITHIN THE UNIVERSE. 'FINITE'
MASSES HAVE A CENTER OF GRAVITY FROM WHICH THE ENTIRE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF THE MASS
ACTS AS IF IT IS A SINGLE POINT. THUS THE GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION OF FINITE MASSES TO EACH
OTHER ACT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW.
FORCE
STRING
VELOCITY
.
.
.
ELECTRICAL
P-STRING
SPEED OF LIGHT
POSITIVE
ELECTRICAL
N-STRING
SPEED OF LIGHT
NEGATIVE
MAGNETISM
M-STRING
SPEED OF LIGHT
ELECTROMAGNETISM
EM-STRING
SPEED OF LIGHT
GRAVITY
SUPER G-STRING
INSTANTANEOUS
SUPERGRAVITY
SUPER G-STRING
INSTANTANEOUS
THE UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EMANATING FROM THE VOID IS A SUPERGRAVITATIONAL FORCE
WHICH IS PULLING THIS UNIVERSE APART.
THE COMMON MISCONCEPTION IS THAT THERE IS SOME KIND OF 'DARK ENERGY' THAT IS CAUSING
UNIVERSAL EXPANSION. BUT ANY SUCH 'DARK ENERGY' WOULD NECESSARILY HAVE TO BE A REPULSIVE
FORCE. A REPULSIVE FORCE WOULD BE SUBTRACTIVE AS IT WOULD OPERATE ACCORDING TO THE
INVERSE SQUARE LAW. WHAT THIS MEANS IS THAT THE UNIVERSE WOULD EXPAND AT A SLOWER AND
SLOWER RATE AS THE GALAXIES MOVED FURTHER AND FURTHER AWAY FROM THE SOURCE OF THE
'DARK ENERGY' WHICH IS THE SOURCE OF THE REPULSIVE FORCE. THE FACT THAT IT HAS BEEN SHOWN
THAT THE UNIVERSE IS ACTUALLY EXPANDING AT AN ACCELERATING PACE EXPOSES THE LIE THAT IS
THE 'DARK ENERGY' THEORY.
ONLY THE PRINCIPLE OF ATTRACTION CAN PROVIDE THE ADDITIVE FORCE WHICH CAUSES
ACCELERATING EXPANSION.
EVEN THOUGH THE UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD DOES NOT OPERATE ACCORDING TO THE INVERSE
SQUARE LAW, THE FACT THAT THE UNIVERSAL EXPANSION IS ACCELERATING DOES INDICATE THAT IT
HAS TO BE AN ATTRACTIVE FORCE AND NOT A REPULSIVE ONE.
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THE UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD IS A 'SUPERFIELD' THAT ONLY ACTS ON THE CENTER OF GRAVITY
OF THE LARGEST UNIVERSAL OBJECTS; NAMELY GALACTIC SUPERCLUSTERS. A GALACTIC
SUPERCLUSTER IS A LARGER NUMBER OF GALACTIC CLUSTERS WHICH ALL ORBIT THE SAME POINT; THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY FOR THE SUPERCLUSTER. A UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ACTS ON THE
MOMENTUM OF THE SUPERCLUSTER. ONCE THE MOMENTUM OF THE GALACTIC SUPERCLUSTER IS
DECIDED UPON, THE UNIFORM FIELD WILL THEN PULL ON THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF THE
SUPERCLUSTER, IN THE SAME DIRECTION THAT THE MOMENTUM IS TAKING IT. OVER TIME, THE
MOMENTUM OF THE SUPERCLUSTER WILL GRADUALLY INCREASE IN THAT DIRECTION BECAUSE OF THE
INFLUENCE OF THE GRAVITATIONAL SUPERFORCE WHICH IS EMANATING FROM THE VOID.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hubble constant
astronomy
Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: May 17, 2024 • Article History
Hubble constant, in cosmology, constant of proportionality in the relation between the velocities of remote galaxies and their distances. It expresses the rate at which the universe is expanding. It is denoted by the symbol H0, where the subscript denotes that the value is measured at the present time, and named in honour of Edwin Hubble, the American astronomer who attempted in 1929 to measure its value. With redshifts of distant galaxies measured by Vesto Slipher, also of the United States, and with his own distance estimates of these galaxies, Hubble established the cosmological velocity-distance law: velocity = H0 × distance.
According to this law, known as the Hubble law, the greater the distance of a galaxy, the faster it recedes. Derived from theoretical considerations and confirmed by observations, the velocity-distance law has made secure the concept of an expanding universe. Hubble’s ORIGINAL value for H0 was 500 km (311 miles) per second per megaparsec (one megaparsec is 3,260,000 light-years). Modern estimates, using measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from the big bang, place the value of H0 at about 67 km (42 miles) per second per megaparsec. The reciprocal of the Hubble constant lies between 13 billion and 14 billion years, and this cosmic timescale serves as an approximate measure of the age of the universe.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Erik Gregersen.
https://www.britannica.com/science/Hubble-constant
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE UNIFORM GRAVITATIONAL FIELD IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON AS IT ACTS DIRECTLY
UPON THE LARGEST OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE. THE MOMENTUM, 'MO', OF A GALACTIC SUPERCLUSTER
IS CALCULATED AS:
MO = M x H0 × distance.
MO = MOMENTUM M = MASS HO = HUBBLE'S CONSTANT
DIVIDE BOTH SIDES BY 'M' FOR MASS:
MO = M x H0 × distance
M M
TO GET:
VELOCITY = H0 × distance.
HO = HUBBLE'S CONSTANT
IT IS THIS GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE MOMENTUM WHICH WE SEE AS AN 'ACCELERATING EXPANSION
OF THE UNIVERSE.'
INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN
MATTER, ENERGY, SPACE AND TIME
TIME DILATION, IN THE DYNAMISM MODEL, SHOWS THE EQUIVALENCY OF TIME AND SPACE, IN THE
SAME WAY THAT THERE IS AN EQUIVALENCY BETWEEN MASS AND ENERGY; THROUGH 'C'; THE VELOCITY
OF LIGHT CONSTANT.
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FOR EXAMPLE: IF THE MASS OF THE ELECTRON WAS TO BE CONVERTED INTO ENERGY THE FORMULA WOULD BE:
EE = ME X C^2
EE = ELECTRON ENERGY ME = MASS OF ELECTRON C = VELOCITY OF LIGHT
THE ELECTRON EXPLODES INTO APPROXIMATE 2.4 X 10^20 N-STRING PHOTONS WHICH ARE ALL
TRAVELLING AT THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT.
THIS IS THE REASON WHY CONVERTING MASS TO ENERGY REQUIRES MULTIPLYING THE MASS BY THE
SQUARE OF THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT. BECAUSE THE MASS IS COMPLETELY CONVERTED INTO PHOTONS
TRAVELLING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT. THUS IT IS THE CALCULATION OF THE KINETIC ENERGY [E =
MV^2] OF THE MASS IF IT WAS TRAVELLING AT LIGHT SPEED.
IN MUCH THE SAME WAY, TIME DILATION SHOWS THE EQUIVALENCY OF TIME AND SPACE THROUGH THE
VELOCITY OF LIGHT.
IF YOU TRAVELLED IN A SPACE SHIP AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT FOR ONE YEAR. YOUR SHIP WOULD BE ONE
LIGHT YEAR DISTANT FROM YOUR STARTING POSITION AND ONE YEAR OF TIME WOULD HAVE
TRANSPIRED ON THE SHIP; BUT ONLY ONE YEAR OF TIME WOULD HAVE TRANSPIRED OUTSIDE THE SHIP.
IF YOU TRAVELLED IN A SPACE SHIP AT TEN TIMES THE SPEED OF LIGHT FOR ONE YEAR. YOUR SHIP
WOULD BE TEN LIGHT YEARS DISTANT FROM YOUR STARTING POSITION AND TEN YEARS OF TIME
WOULD HAVE TRANSPIRED ON THE SHIP; BUT ONLY ONE YEAR OF TIME WOULD HAVE TRANSPIRED
OUTSIDE THE SHIP.
IF YOU TRAVELLED IN A SPACE SHIP AT ONE HUNDRED TIMES THE SPEED OF LIGHT FOR ONE YEAR.
YOUR SHIP WOULD BE ONE HUNDRED LIGHT YEARS DISTANT FROM YOUR STARTING POSITION AND ONE
HUNDRED YEARS OF TIME WOULD HAVE TRANSPIRED ON THE SHIP; BUT ONLY ONE YEAR OF TIME
WOULD HAVE TRANSPIRED OUTSIDE THE SHIP.
THE REASON FOR THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE PASSAGE OF TIME ON THE SHIP AND THE PASSAGE
OF TIME OUTSIDE OF THE SHIP IS DUE TO THE TIME DILATION EFFECT. THE VELOCITY OF THE SHIP IS IN
EXCESS OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT AND SO THE SURFACE OF THE SHIP STRETCHES TO COMPENSATE. THE
INCREASE IN THE SHIP'S SURFACE AREA IS MATCHED BY AN INCREASE IN THE TIME WHICH PASSES
INSIDE THE SPACE SHIP.
WHEN THE SHIP IS TRAVELLING AT VELOCITIES WHICH EXCEED THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT, THE SPACE
AND TIME IS ONE HUNDRED PER CENT CORRELATED BETWEEN THE PASSAGE OF TIME WITHIN THE SHIP
AND THE STRETCH IN THE EXTERNAL SURFACE OF THE SPACE SHIP.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Satellite Clock
The Satellite Clock Bias, dt
Relativistic Effects on the Satellite Clock
Albert Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity apply to the clocks involved here. At 3.874 kilometers per second, the clocks in the GPS satellites are traveling at great speed, and that makes the clocks on the satellites appear to run slower than the clocks on earth by about 7 microseconds a day. However, this apparent slowing of the clocks in orbit is counteracted by the weaker gravity around them. The weakness of gravity makes the clocks in the satellites appear to run faster than the clocks on earth by about 45 microseconds a day.
Therefore, on balance, the clocks in the GPS satellites in space appear to run faster by about 38 microseconds a day than the clocks in GPS receivers on earth. So, to ensure the clocks in the satellites will actually produce the correct fundamental frequency of 10.23 MHz in space, their frequencies are set to 10.22999999543 MHz before they are launched into space.
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog862/node/1714
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE SPEED OF THE GPS SATELLITE IS 3874 M/S. THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS 299,792,458 metres per second.
3874 = 0.000012922273048
299,792,458
1
77386
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I HAVE TO MULTIPLY THE SPEED OF THE GPS SATELLITE, WHICH IS 3874 M/S, BY 77386 TO GET THE
SPEED OF LIGHT WHICH IS 299,792,458 M/S.
THE GPS SATELLITE IS TRAVELLING AT 3.874 KILOMETERS PER SECOND WHICH IS A '1/77386' FRACTION
OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT. YET THIS IS ENOUGH SPEED TO CAUSE A TIME DILATION OF ABOUT 38
MICROSECONDS A DAY.
'THE CLOCKS IN THE GPS SATELLITES IN SPACE APPEAR TO RUN FASTER BY ABOUT 38 MICROSECONDS A DAY THAN THE CLOCKS IN GPS RECEIVERS ON EARTH.'
THIS IS ACTUALLY A MASSIVE FAILURE OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY. IT WAS DURING THE EARLY DAYS
OF THE SPACE RACE BETWEEN THE AMERICANS AND THE SOVIET UNION, THAT THE ROCKET SCIENTISTS
FROM BOTH COUNTRIES REALIZED THAT RELATIVITY WAS WRONG. BUT INSTEAD OF ADMITTING IT, EVERYBODY COVERED IT UP. THIS WAS A MASSIVE CONSPIRACY TO HIDE THE FAILURE OF THE
RELATIVITY THEORY FROM THE PUBLIC FOR DECADES. MOST LIKELY THE REASON THAT THEY ARE
ADMITTING IT NOW IS BECAUSE NOBODY CARES ANYMORE.
THE FAILURE OF RELATIVITY IS SIMPLY THAT RELATIVITY PREDICTED THAT SATELLITE CLOCKS WOULD
RUN SLOWER DUE TO HIGH ORBITAL VELOCITIES. INSTEAD, THE CLOCKS ON SATELLITES RUN FASTER
DUE TO HIGH ORBITAL VELOCITIES. THIS MUST HAVE BEEN A HUGE SHOCK TO RELATIVISTS ALL OVER
AMERICA WHEN THEY FIRST REALIZED IT. I WONDER WHAT THEY KEEP TELLING THEMSELVES IN ORDER
TO MAINTAIN THE FARCE THAT RELATIVITY IS A LEGITIMATE THEORY?
TIME DILATION CAUSES THE SURFACE OF THE ORBITING SATELLITES TO STRETCH MORE AND MORE
WITH HIGHER VELOCITIES. THE HIGHER THE VELOCITY, THE MORE THE SURFACE STRETCHES, AND THE
FASTER THE CLOCKS ON THE SATELLITES RUN IN COMPARISON TO THEIR SISTER CLOCKS ON THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
PROPER SCIENCE GENERATES THEORIES/HYPOTHESES THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO BE FALSIFIABLE; LIKE
THIS DYNAMISM 'TIME-DILATION' MODEL. BY OBSERVATION OR EXPERIMENT THE MODEL PREDICTS
THAT THE HIGHER THE VELOCITY THE FASTER THE CLOCKS WILL RUN. I STAND BEHIND THE MODEL.
YOU HAVE TO PROVE ME WRONG.
BUT THESE RELATIVISTS HAVE KNOWN SINCE THE EARLIEST DAYS OF NASA (LATE 1950'S OR SO), THAT
THE SATELLITE CLOCKS WERE RUNNING IN THE WRONG DIRECTION TO THAT WHICH RELATIVITY
PREDICTED SHOULD HAPPEN, BUT THEY COVERED IT UP, MADE EXCUSES. THIS WAS A MASSIVE
CONSPIRACY INVOLVING PRACTICALLY ALL PHYSICISTS, AND MAYBE ALL SCIENTISTS; AS WELL AS THE
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION SYSTEM. THIS WAS NOT SCIENCE, THIS WAS SOMETHING ELSE.
A USEFUL TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
IN THE DYNAMISM DIMENSION MODEL, TIME DOESN'T EXIST IN A STATIC ENVIRONMENT. IF THERE IS
NO CHANGE, THEN THERE IS NO TIME. THIS IS TO SAY THAT TIME EQUALS CHANGE IN POSITION, OR
ANGLE, OR SOMETHING. SOMETHING HAS TO CHANGE FOR TIME TO EXIST. ENERGY IS MOTION, MASS IN
MOTION. THERE IS NO MASSLESS MOTION. SO TIME IS MOTION, SOME KIND OF MOTION. THUS ENERGY
IS COMPRISED OF BOTH MASS AND TIME, WITH TIME REPRESENTING MOTION. ALL OF THIS CHANGE
HAS TO OCCUR WITHIN SPACE. THUS SPACE IS A CONTAINER. SPACE IS THE CONTAINER FOR ALL OF
THESE DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS; PARALLEL UNIVERSES AND THE DIMENSIONS WITHIN A UNIVERSE.
THIS IS THE MODEL FOR THE INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN MATTER, ENERGY, SPACE AND TIME.
BECAUSE TIME AND CHANGE ARE CORRELATED; THE MORE SOMETHING CHANGES IN RELATION TO
SOME STATIC UNCHANGING THING, THE MORE TIME THAT PASSES FOR THE THING WHICH IS
CHANGING.
THIS IS THE PREMISE OF TIME-DILATION; THAT GREATER VELOCITY REPRESENTS GREATER CHANGE IN
THE SURFACE AREA OF THE SPEEDING OBJECT. THE GREATER THE OBJECT'S VELOCITY, THE MORE THE
SURFACE OF THE OBJECT LENGTHENS, THE GREATER THE CHANGE IN THE SURFACE, AND THE MORE
TIME THAT IS CREATED BY THE CHANGE IN ITS SURFACE. THUS GREATER VELOCITY MEANS MORE
CHANGE AND THE CREATION OF MORE TIME. THE IMPLICATIONS OF TIME-DILATION ARE MIND
BOGGLING. TO THINK THAT THIS DYNAMISM MODEL AFFORDS THE HUMAN RACE THE POTENTIAL
ABILITY TO CREATE TIME.
THE MODEL IS FALSIFIABLE. IF RELATIVITY IS TRUE, THEN THE DYNAMISM MODEL FOR TIME-DILATION
FAILS. BUT THE CONVERSE ALSO APPLIES. IF THE DYNAMISM MODEL FOR TIME-DILATION IS TRUE, THEN
THE RELATIVITY THEORY FOR TIME-DILATION FAILS. THIS IS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GPS SATELLITE
CLOCK ADJUSTMENT ARTICLE WHICH SHOWS THAT GPS CLOCKS RUN FASTER BY ABOUT 38
MICROSECONDS A DAY. THIS IS EMPIRICAL PROOF THAT THE DYNAMISM MODEL FOR TIME-DILATION IS
CORRECT; AND THE IMPLICATION IS THAT MANKIND CAN HARNESS THIS PRINCIPLE TO 'CREATE TIME'
FOR ITSELF.
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EACH UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF FIVE DIMENSIONS:
RECALL THIS TABLE WHICH DESCRIBES THE DYNAMISM DIMENSION MODEL: SPHERE
DIMENSION
UNIT
.
.
.
FIFTH
PURE ENERGY
5
FOURTH
CREATIVE ENERGY
4
THIRD
MENTAL ENERGY
3
SECOND
EMOTIONAL ENERGY
2
FIRST
PHYSICAL ENERGY
1
THE FIRST SPHERE IS WITHIN THE SECOND SPHERE, WHICH IS IN THE THIRD SPHERE, WHICH IS IN THE
FOURTH SPHERE, WHICH IS IN THE FIFTH SPHERE. THUS THE FIFTH SPHERE, WHICH IS THE PURE
ENERGY DIMENSION, CONTAINS ALL OF THE OTHE SPHERES. YET ALL OF THE SPHERES OCCUPY THE
SAME SPACE, THEY ARE SIMPLY VIBRATING AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES. HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE?
TIME-DILATION MAKES IT POSSIBLE.
. IN THE SAME WAY THAT GREATER VELOCITY TRANSLATES TO GREATER TIME; SO DOES HIGHER
FREQUENCY TRANSLATE TO GREATER TIME. A SIMPLE FORMULA TO EXPLAIN IT WOULD BE THAT EACH
UNIT IS RAISED TO THE POWER OF TEN TIMES THE DIMENSION LEVEL. FOR EXAMPLE:
• FIRST DIMENSION: UNIT x [1O^1].
• SECOND DIMENSION: UNIT x [1O^2].
• THIRD DIMENSION: UNIT x [1O^3].
• FOURTH DIMENSION: UNIT x [1O^4].
• FIFTH DIMENSION: UNIT x [1O^5].
THIS IS A SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE WHICH IS JUST MEANT TO EXPLAIN THE PREMISE.
FOR EVERY SECOND OF TIME THAT HAPPENS IN OUR PHYSICAL ENERGY DIMENSION; TEN SECONDS OF
TIME PASSES IN THE DIMENSION ABOVE; WHICH IS THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION.
FOR EVERY SECOND OF TIME THAT HAPPENS IN THE EMOTIONAL ENERGY DIMENSION; TEN SECONDS
OF TIME PASSES IN THE DIMENSION ABOVE; WHICH IS THE MENTAL ENERGY DIMENSION.
FOR EVERY SECOND OF TIME THAT HAPPENS IN THE MENTAL ENERGY DIMENSION; TEN SECONDS OF
TIME PASSES IN THE DIMENSION ABOVE; WHICH IS THE CREATIVE ENERGY DIMENSION.
FOR EVERY SECOND OF TIME THAT HAPPENS IN THE CREATIVE ENERGY DIMENSION; TEN SECONDS OF
TIME PASSES IN THE DIMENSION ABOVE; WHICH IS THE PURE ENERGY DIMENSION.
THIS RESULTS IN A LOGARITHMIC SCALE WHICH HAS A BASE OF TEN.
THE EXPANSION OF TIME AS THE DIMENSION LEVEL INCREASES IS COMPLETELY DUE TO THE TIME-DILATION EFFECT.
THE 'MULTI-D' TOOL IN THE 'CANDOR' TOOLBOX WILL MORE FULLY EXPLAIN HOW TO APPLY THIS
CONCEPT TO MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO GRAPH SUCH FUNCTIONS.
CANDOR STANDS FOR COMPUTING AND NUMERICAL DATA ORDERING AND RESTRUCTURING. I WILL
EXPLAIN THE CANDOR SYSTEM MORE THOROUGHLY LATER IN THIS BOOK.
THE DYNAMISM DIMENSION MODEL IS A TOPOLOGICAL MODEL THAT ACTUALLY APPLIES TO BOTH
MATHEMATICS AND REAL WORLD PHYSICS.
I THEREFORE SUBMIT THIS CHAPTER AS A SOLUTION TO THE "POINCARE CONJECTURE" WHICH IS ONE
OF THE SEVEN MILLENNIUM PROBLEMS.
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Revelation 6:3-4
King James Version
3 And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast say, Come and see. 4 And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword.
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Genesis 1:6-8
King James Version
6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
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