Research Transactional Sex Amongst Young People in Rural Northern Tanzania: an Ethnography by JoyceWamoyi, Daniel Wight, MaryPlummer, - HTML preview

Acknowledgements

15. Nyanzi S, Pool R, Kinsman J: The negotiation of sexual relationships

We are very grateful to all of the young people and adults who participated in among school pupils in south-western Uganda.   AIDS Care 2001, this study and in particular to those who provided hospitality to the fieldwork-13:83-98.

ers. We benefited enormously from the dedicated work of four fieldworkers

16. Nnko S, Pool R: Sexual discourse in the context of AIDS: Dominant

who are not authors, Zachayo Salamba, Halima Abdallah, Kija Nyalali, and

themes on adolescent sexuality among pupils in Magu district,

Neema Busali. We also greatly appreciate the efforts of our transcribers,

Tanzania. Health Transition Review 1997, 7:85-90.

Mbango Mhamba, Happiness Ng'habi, Mwanahawa Maporo, and Fatma Bak-

17. Silberschmidt M: Disempowerment of men in rural and urban East

shi, our translators, Stanslaus Shitindi, Samuel Gogomoka, Deogratius Mazula, Africa: Implications for male identity and sexual behaviour. World Daudi Ngosha, and Eustadius Kabika, and the non-author data coders, Caroline Development 2001, 29:657-671.

Ingall, Tom Ingall and Nicola Desmond. We are further grateful for the assis-18. Leclerc-Madlala S: Transactional sex and the pursuit of modernity.

tance of the administrative staff of the NIMR/AMREF/LSHTM collaborative proj-Social dynamics 2003, 29:213-233.

Wamoyi et al. Reproductive Health 2010, 7:2

Page 18 of 18

http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/7/1/2

19. Tawfik L, Watkins S: Sex in Geneva, sex in Lilongwe, and sex in Balaka.   44. Wijsen F, Tanner R: 'I am just a Sukuma': Globalisation and identity Social Science and Medicine 2007, 64:1090-1101.

construction in northwest Tanzania Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi; 2002.

20. De Zalduondo B, Bernard M: Meanings and consequences of sexual-

45. Abrahams R: The Nyamwezi Today Cambridge University Press; 1981.

economic exchange. In Conceiving sexuality: Approaches to sex research in 46. Wight D, Plummer ML, Mshana G, Wamoyi J, Shigongo ZS, Ross DA:

a post-modern world Edited by: Parker R, Gagnon J. New York: Routledge; Contradictory sexual norms and expectations for young people in rural

1995:157-179.

Northern Tanzania.   Soc Sci Med 2006, 62:987-997.

21. Day S: Prostitute women and AIDS: Anthropology (Editorial review).   47. Wellings K, Nanchahal K, Macdowall W, McManus S, Erens B, Mercer C,

AIDS 1988, 2:421-428.

Johnson A, Copas A, Korovessis C, Fenton K, Field J: Sexual behaviour in

22. Caldwell J, Caldwell P, Quiggin P: The social context of AIDS in sub-

Britain: early heterosexual experience. The Lancet 2001, 358:1843-1850.

Saharan Africa. Population and Development Review 1989, 15:185-234.

48. Tschann J, Adler N, Millstein S, Gurvey J, Ellen J: Relative power between 23. Heald S: The power of sex: some reflections on the Caldwell's 'African

sexual partners and condom use among adolescent.   Journal of Sexuality' thesis. Africa 1995, 4:489-505.

Adolescent Health 2002, 31:17-25.

24. Helle-Valle J: Understanding Sexuality in Africa: Diversity and

49. Ross DA, Changalucha J, Obasi AI, Todd J, Plummer ML, Cleophas-Mazige

Contextualised Dividuality. In Rethinking Sexualities in Africa 2nd edition.

B, Anemona A, Everett D, Weiss HA, Mabey DC, et al. : Biological and Edited by: Arnfred S. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell Tryckeri AB;

behavioural impact of an adolescent sexual health intervention in

2005:195-207.

Tanzania: a community-randomized trial.   Aids 2007, 21:1943-1955.

25. Setel P: A plague of paradoxes: AIDS, Culture and Demography in Northern 50. Planning commission, office Rcs: Mwanza region socio-economic

Tanzania Chicago: University of Chicago press; 1999.

profile. Dar Es Salaam: Monostry of state planning and parastatal reform; 26. Tanzanian National Website: "Tanzania Population projections" . Dar Es 1997.

Salaam: NBS; 2003.

51. HALIRA: Report of a focus group discussion and in-depth interview

27. Nzioka C: Perspectives of adolescent boys on the risks of unwanted

series with young people in rural Mwanza, Tanzania. HALIRA

pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections: Kenya.   Reprod Health Programme, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania. Mwanza, Tanzania;

Matters 2001, 9:108-117.

2000.

28. Vos T: Attitudes to sex and sexual behaviour in rural Matabeleland,

52. Giddens A: The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Zimbabwe.   AIDS Care 1994, 6:193-203.

Modern Societies Cambridge: Polity press; 1992.

29. UNICEF: The state of the world's children. Geneva 1998.

53. Plummer M, Wight D, Wamoyi J, Mshana G, Ross D, Salamba Z: Sexual

30. Plummer M, Wight D, Ross D, Balira R, Anemona A, Todd J, Salamba Z,

violence, pressure and HIV in rural Mwanza, Tanzania. 14 International Obasi A, Grosskurth H, Changalucha J, Hayes R: Asking semi-literate

AIDS conference, vol Abstract no. WeOrE1282. Barcelona, Spain; 7-12 July adolescents about sexual behaviour: The validity of assisted self-2002.

completion questionnaire (ASCQ) data in rural Tanzania.   Tropical 54. Mshana G, Plummer ML, Wamoyi J, Shigongo ZS, Ross DA, Wight D: 'She

Medicine and International Health 2004, 9:737-754.

was bewitched and caught an illness similar to AIDS': AIDS and

31. Plummer ML, Ross DA, Wight D, Changalucha J, Mshana G, Wamoyi J,

sexually transmitted infection causation beliefs in rural northern

Todd J, Anemona A, Mosha FF, Obasi AIN, Hayes RJ: "A bit more truthful": Tanzania.   Cult Health Sex 2006, 8:45-58.

the validity of adolescent sexual behaviour data collected in rural

55. Boerma J, Urassa M, Nnko S, Ng'weshemi R, Isingo R, Zaba B, Mwaluko G:

northern Tanzania using five methods.   Sex Transm Infect 2004, Socio-demographic context of the AIDS epidemic in a rural area in

80:ii49-56.

Tanzania with a focus on people's mobility and marriage.   Sexually 32. VanWesenbeeck I, Van Zessen G, Ingham R, Jaramazovib E, Stevens D:

Transmitted Infections 2002, 78:i97-i105.

Factors and processes in heterosexual competence and risk: An

56. Plummer ML, Wight D, Wamoyi J, Mshana G, Hayes RJ, Ross DA: Farming

integrated review of the evidence. Psychology and Health 1999, with your hoe in a sack: condom attitudes, access, and use in rural

14:25-50.

Tanzania.   Stud Fam Plann 2006, 37:29-40.

33. Akeroyd A: 'Sociocultural aspects of AIDS in Africa: occupational and

57. Lewis I: Social anthropology in perspective Harmondsworth: Penguin; 1976.

gender issues' . In AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean Edited by: Bond G.

58. Townsend P: Poverty in the United Kingdom. Volume 1. Suffolk: Allen Boulder, Colorado Westview Press; 1997.

Lane; 1979.

34. UNDP: Human Development Report. New York: UNDP; 1995.

59. Mauss M: The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies 35. Varkevisser C: Socialization in a Changing Society: Sukuma childhood in

Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1969.

rural and urban Mwanza, Tanzania. PhD thesis. Amsterdam: University 60. Bloor M, Barnard M, Finlay A, McKeganey N: HIV-related risk practices

of Amsterdam; 1973.

among Glasgow male prostitutes. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1993, 36. Vuorela U: The Women's Question and the Modes of Human

7:.

Reproduction: an analysis of a Tanzanian village. Monographs of the

61. MacPhail C, Campbell C: 'I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those Finnish Society for Development Studies No.1. Transactions of the things': condom use among adolescents and young people in a

Finnish Anthropological Society 1987.

Southern African township.   Soc Sci Med 2001, 52:1613-1627.

37. Arnfred S: 'African Sexuality'/sexuality in Africa: Tales and silences. In 62. Wood K, Jewkes R: "Dangerous" love: reflections on violence amongst Re-thinking Sexualities in Africa Edited by: Arnfred S. Uppsala, Sweden: Xhosa township youth' . In Changing men in South Africa Edited by: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet; 2004:59-76.

Morrell R. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press; 2000.

38. Silberschmidt M: Men, male sexuality and HIV/AIDS: Reflections from

studies in rural and urban East Africa. Transformation 2004, 54:.

doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-7-2

39. Mookodi G: Male violence against women in Botswana: A discussion of

Cite this article as: Wamoyi et al. , Transactional sex amongst young people gendered uncertainties in a rapidly changing environment. African in rural northern Tanzania: an ethnography of young women's motivations

Sociological Review 2004, 8:118-138.

and negotiation Reproductive Health 2010, 7:2

40. Haram L: 'Prostitutes' or Modern Women? Negotiating respectability in

Northern Tanzania. In Re-thinking Sexualities in Africa 2nd edition. Edited by: Arnfred S. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell; 2005:211-229.

41. Abrahams R: 'Aspects of the distinction between the sexes in the

Nyamwezi and some other African systems of kinship and marriage' .

In Sex and Age as Principles of Social Differentiation Volume ASA Monograph 17 Edited by: LaFontaine J. London Academic Press; 1978.

42. Helle-Velle J: Sexual mores, promiscuity and 'prostitution' in Botswana.

Ethnos 1999, 64:372-396.

43. Madulu N: Changing lifestyles in farming societies of Sukumaland:

Kwimba District, Tanzania. vol ASC Working Paper no. 27 Dar es Salaam: Institute of Resource Assessment/African Studies Centre 1998.