Monarchy & Republic in the Laboratory of History by N. Fakhr - HTML preview
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Author’s Note
The first edition of this book was published in the winter of 2025. The text you are now reading is the third edition, substantially revised and expanded from the earlier versions. Its structure, arguments, methodology, statistical analyses, and writing have all undergone extensive review and refinement.
This English edition was translated from the original Persian by the author. The translation was undertaken with the aim of preserving as faithfully as possible the arguments, terminology, methodological choices, and intended meaning of the Persian text.
I hope this edition brings the book one step closer to its central aim: evaluating systems of government on the basis of empirical evidence.
Methodologically, this study is a cross-national comparative quantitative study based on secondary data analysis, using data from multiple reputable international databases to compare the performance of contemporary monarchies and republics across a range of indicators.
N. Fakhr
Autumn 2026
Contents
Global Comparison of GDP per Capita: Monarchies and Republics
Excluding Oil-Rich Countries from the Sample
Excluding Oil-Rich Countries and Very Wealthy Microstates
Global Comparison of GDP per Capita: Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Monarchies
Global Comparison of GDP per Capita: Commonwealth Realms and Republics
Comparison of GDP per Capita Between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of GDP per Capita between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Robustness Check: Excluding Former Communist Republics in Europe
Comparison of GDP per Capita between Monarchies and Republics in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania
The Middle East: The Fairest Test for Comparing Monarchy and Republic
Comparison of GDP per Capita between Monarchies and Republics in the Middle East
Global Comparison of Purchasing Power per Capita: Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of Purchasing Power per Capita between Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of Purchasing Power per Capita between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of Purchasing Power per Capita between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of Purchasing Power per Capita between Monarchies and Republics in the Middle East
Global Comparison of the Gini Index: Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Gini Index: Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the Gini Index: Monarchies and Republics Across Continents and in the Middle East
Comparison of the Gini Index: Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of the Gini Index: Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of the Gini Index Between Monarchies and Republics in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania
Comparison of the Gini Index Between Monarchies and Republics in the Middle East
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism
Comparison of the Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism Indicator in the Middle East
Comparison of the “Regulatory Quality” Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the “Regulatory Quality” Indicator Between Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the “Regulatory Quality” Indicator between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of the “Regulatory Quality” Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of the “Regulatory Quality” Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics in the Middle East
From an Empirical Pattern to a New Hypothesis: “New or Modern Monarchy”
Testing Roadmap for the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the First Five Indicators
Global Comparison of the “Rule of Law” Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Rule of Law Index between Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the Rule of Law Indicator Across Continents and the Middle East
Comparison of the Rule of Law Indicator in Asian Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Rule of Law Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of the Rule of Law Indicator in Middle Eastern Monarchies and Republics
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Sixth Indicator
Comparison of the “Government Effectiveness” Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of Government Effectiveness Between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of Government Effectiveness in European Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of Government Effectiveness in Middle Eastern Monarchies and Republics
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Seventh Indicator
Global Comparison of Inflation in Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of Inflation in Constitutional Monarchies and Semi-Constitutional and Absolute Monarchies
Comparison of Inflation in Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of Inflation between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of the Inflation Indicator between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of Inflation in Monarchies and Republics in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania
Comparison of the Inflation Indicator in Middle Eastern Monarchies and Republics
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Eighth Indicator
Global Comparison of the Control of Corruption Indicator in Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Control of Corruption Indicator in Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the “Control of Corruption” Indicator between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of the “Control of Corruption” Indicator between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Ninth Indicator
Global Comparison of the “Corruption Perceptions” Indicator between Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Corruption Perceptions Index in Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the Corruption Perceptions Index in Asian Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Corruption Perceptions Index Between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of the Corruption Perceptions Index Between Monarchies and Republics in the Middle East
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis after the Tenth Indicator
A Note on the Concept of Class Society
How Monarchies and Republics Have Approached Slavery
Global Comparison of the International Property Rights Index in Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the International Property Rights Index between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of the International Property Rights Index in European Monarchies and Republics
Comparison in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania
Comparison of the International Property Rights Index in Middle Eastern Monarchies and Republics
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Eleventh Indicator
Comparison of the Human Development Index in Monarchies and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the Human Development Index in Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the Human Development Index in Asian Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Human Development Index in European Monarchies and Republics
Comparison of the Human Development Index in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania
Comparison of the Human Development Index in Middle Eastern Monarchies and Republics
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Twelfth Indicator
Comparison of the “Voice and Accountability” Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of the Voice and Accountability Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of the Voice and Accountability Indicator Between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of the Voice and Accountability Indicator in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Thirteenth Indicator
Comparison of Passport Power in Monarchies and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of Passport Power between Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Monarchies Worldwide
Comparison of Passport Power between Commonwealth Realms and Republics Worldwide
Comparison of Passport Power between Monarchies and Republics in Asia
Comparison of Passport Power Between Monarchies and Republics in Europe
Comparison of Passport Power in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania
Comparison of Passport Power Between Monarchies and Republics in the Middle East
Status of the “New or Modern Monarchy” Hypothesis After the Fourteenth Indicator
Final Comparison Table of Indicators
Republican Bias: Has Political Modernity Turned a Blind Eye to the Data?
Are These Data Sufficient for Decision-Making?
Does History Offer a Successful Model for a Transition from Republic to Monarchy?
From Self-Interest to the Long-Term Horizon of Government: A Hypothesis for Explaining the Findings
Seeing Human Beings as They Are
A Hypothesis That Can Be Tested
A Test Conducted Within This Very Book
Permission to Publish and Translate
Appendix I: Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis