DYNAMISM by GEORGE MARTIN WILLIAMS - HTML preview

VOLUME

MASS = DENSITY * VOLUME

VOLUME = MASS

DENSITY

VOLUME = 9.10938356 × 10^-31 kg

5225813350231667982 kg/m^3

VOLUME = 1.74315134305287953807886186331629 × 10^-49 m^3

WITH THE ELECTRON'S VOLUME FIGURE, I CAN NOW WORK OUT THE ELECTRON'S RADIUS AND DIAMETER: VOLUME = 4 π r^3

3

r^3 = 3 * VOL

4 π

r^3 = 3 * 1.74315134305287953807886186331629 × 10^-49 m^3

4 π

r^3 = 1.3073635072896596535591463974872175 × 10^-49 m^3

r = 5.07534364086834951838416272498157825231755 × 10^-17 m^3

d = 1.01506872817366990367683254499631565046351 × 10^-16 m^3

r = radius d = diameter π = 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510

THIS GIVES US BOTH THE RADIUS AND THE DIAMETER FOR THE ELECTRON AND THE POSITRON.

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Questions and Answers

What are the exact relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons?

Protons and neutrons have nearly the same mass while electrons are much less massive. If we assume that a 10 of 99

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neutron has a mass of 1, then the relative masses are:

Neutron = 1

Proton = 0.99862349

Electron = 0.00054386734

Said another way, protons are only about 99.86% as massive as neutrons while electrons are only about 0.054% as massive as neutrons. While relative masses are nice if you want to compare protons, neutrons and electrons to one another, it doesn't tell you what the actual masses of these particles are. In kilograms, the masses are: Neutron = 1.6749286*10-27 kg

Proton = 1.6726231*10-27 kg

Electron = 9.1093897*10-31 kg

There is another unit, called an electron volt (eV), that scientists use when talking about small things like protons, neutrons and electrons. An electron volt is actually a measurement of energy, but scientists can get away with using it to measure mass since mass and energy are related by Einstein's famous equation, E = mc2. So, in terms of MeV

(Megaelectron volts, 1 MeV = 1,000,000 eV), the masses are: Neutron = 939.56563 MeV

Proton = 938.27231 MeV

Electron = 0.51099906 MeV

Author:

Steve Gagnon, Science Education Specialist (Other answers by Steve Gagnon) https://education.jlab.org/qa/particlemass_02.html

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Neutron = 1.6749286*10-27 kg

Proton = 1.6726231*10-27 kg

Electron = 9.1093897*10-31 kg

ELECTRON MASS DIVIDED BY ELECTRON MASS = (9.1093897*10^-31)/(9.1093897*10^-31) = 1

PROTON MASS DIVIDED BY ELECTRON MASS = (1.6726231*10^-27)/(9.1093897*10^-31) = 1836

NEUTRON MASS DIVIDED BY ELECTRON MASS = (1.6749286*10^-27)/(9.1093897*10^-31) = 1838

THE DIAMETER OF THE UPQUARK

THE UPQUARK IS COMPOSED OF BOTH P-STRING PHOTONS AND NEUTRINOS. THERE ARE THREE

UPQUARKS AND ONE ELECTRON IN EVERY PROTON. EACH UPQUARK HAS POSITIVE TWO/THIRDS

ELECTRICAL CHARGE WHICH MEANS THAT ALTOGETHER THE THREE QUARKS SUM UP TO A CHARGE OF

POSITIVE TWO. THE ELECTRON HAS AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF NEGATIVE ONE. THUS THE SUM OF THE

UPQUARKS POSITIVE TWO ELECTRICAL CHARGE MINUS THE ELECTRONS CHARGE OF ONE GIVES AN

OVERALL CHARGE OF JUST POSITIVE ONE ELECTRICAL CHARGE FOR THE PROTON.

THE UPQUARK WILL HAVE THE SAME DENSITY AS THE NEUTRINO, BECAUSE ALTHOUGH IT IS COMPOSED

OF BOTH P-STRING PHOTONS AND NEUTRINOS, PHOTONS AND NEUTRINOS HAVE THE SAME DENSITY.

I CAN CALCULATE THE MASS OF THE UPQUARK BY SUBTRACTING THE MASS OF THE ELECTRON FROM THE

MASS OF THE PROTON AND THEN DIVIDING THIS RESULT BY THREE. UPQUARK'S MASS =

((1.6726231*10^-27)-(9.1093897*10^-31))/3 = 5.5723738701 × 10^-28 kg UPQUARK'S VOLUME = 5.5723738701 × 10^-28 / 522581334320446908977 = 1.066317050406 × 10^-48 m^3

UPQUARK'S RADIUS = ((3 * 1.066317050406 × 10^-48)/(4 pi))^(1/3) = 6.3377131888373780 × 10^-17 m UPQUARK'S DIAMETER = 2*((3 * 1.066317050406 × 10^-48)/(4 pi))^(1/3) = 1.26754263776747 × 10^-16 m THE DIAMETER OF THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

• RADIUS OF A QUARK: r = 6.337713188 x 10^-17 m

• DIAMETER OF A QUARK: d = 1.267542637 x 10^-16 m

• DIAMETER OF AN ELECTRON: 1.493179976 x 10^-17 m

I ESTIMATE THE RADIUS OF A PROTON TO BE THE DIAMETER OF A QUARK PLUS THE DIAMETER OF AN

ELECTRON:

1.267542637 x 10^-16 +

1.493179976 x 10^-17 =

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1.4168606346 x 10^-16 m

PROTON RADIUS = 1.4168606346 x 10^-16 m

I ESTIMATE THE RADIUS OF A NEUTRON TO BE THE DIAMETER OF A QUARK PLUS TWO TIMES THE

DIAMETER OF AN ELECTRON: WHICH IS EQUAL TO THE RADIUS OF THE PROTON PLUS THE DIAMETER OF

THE ELECTRON.

1.4168606346 x 10^-16 m +

1.493179976 x 10^-17 m =

1.5661786322 x 10^-16 m

NEUTRON RADIUS = 1.5661786322 x 10^-16 m

THE MASS OF THE PROTON IS ESTIMATED TO BE EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIX TIMES THE MASS

OF THE ELECTRON:

PROTON MASS = 1.6726231 x 10^-27 kg

THE MASS OF THE NEUTRON IS ESTIMATED TO BE EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHT TIMES THE

MASS OF THE ELECTRON:

NEUTRON MASS = 1.6749286 x 10^-27 kg

SUMMARY OF MASS AND RADIUS FOR

SMALLEST SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

MASS

RADIUS

NEUTRINO

7.37249734 x 10^-51 kg

1.49896229 x 10^-24 m

PHOTON

7.37249734 x 10^-51 kg

1.49896229 x 10^-24 m

POSITRON

9.10938356 × 10^-31 kg

7.46589988 x 10^-18 m

ELECTRON

9.10938356 × 10^-31 kg

7.46589988 x 10^-18 m

QUARK

5.57237387 × 10^-28 kg

6.33771318 x 10^-17 m

PROTON

1.6726231 × 10^-27 kg

1.41686063 x 10^-16 m

NEUTRON

1.6749286 x 10^-27 kg

1.56617863 x 10^-16 m

THE STRUCTURE OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

QUARKS, PROTONS, AND NEUTRONS ARE COMPOSED OF BOTH PHOTONS AND NEUTRINOS. BOTH QUARKS

AND NEUTRONS ARE UNSTABLE AS INDEPENDENT PARTICLES, AND WILL QUICKLY DECOMPOSE INTO

THEIR CONSTITUENTS WHEN ISOLATED. KNOWING THIS FACT IS EXTREMELY HELPFUL IN DETERMINING

THE STRUCTURE OF THESE THREE PARTICLES. THE PROTON IS EXTREMELY STABLE. LEFT ALONE AS AN

INDEPENDENT PARTICLE, A PROTON WILL NEVER DECOMPOSE AND WILL CONTINUE TO EXIST

INDEFINITELY. FROM THIS I CAN INFER THAT THERE IS SOMETHING ABOUT THE PROTON'S STRUCTURE

THAT IS UNIQUE TO IT, WHICH MAKES IT SUCH AN INDESTRUCTABLE PARTICLE. IT IS A VERY SIMPLE

INFERENCE. THE PROTON HAS A STRUCTURE THAT ALLOWS IT TO LAST FOREVER. THE QUARKS AND

NEUTRONS HAVE STRUCTURES THAT MAKE THEM EXTREMELY SHORT LIVED PARTICLES. WHAT KIND OF

STRUCTURE DO THESE PARTICLES HAVE?

I PRESUME THAT AS ISOLATED PARTICLES, ALL THREE WOULD HAVE SOME TYPE OF SPIN AND THEREFORE

THEY WOULD ALL HAVE A SPHERICAL SHAPE. I ALSO PRESUME THAT WHEN THEY ARE PART OF A LARGER

PARTICLE, THAT THEIR STRUCTURE CAN CHANGE AS NECESSARY SO THAT THE LARGER PARTICLE WILL

HAVE THE SPHERICAL SHAPE.

THE KEY TO THIS MYSTERY IS THE PROTON'S STRUCTURE. THE PROTON IS COMPOSED OF QUARKS AND IS

ITSELF A COMPONENT OF A NEUTRON. USING THIS PERSPECTIVE, IT BECOMES OBVIOUS THAT THE

UNSTABLE QUARKS BECOME STABLE WHEN HELD TOGETHER WITHIN THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROTON.

BUT THE STABLE PROTON BECOMES UNSTABLE WHEN IT IS A COMPONENT OF A NEUTRON.

THE STABLE PROTON IS ANALOGOUS TO A NEW BOAT THAT HAS JUST BEEN CONSTRUCTED. THE QUARKS

ARE ANALOGOUS TO THE PARTS OF THE BOAT BEFORE THE BOAT HAS BEEN PUT TOGETHER. THE

NEUTRON IS ANALOGOUS TO THE BOAT BEING OVER LOADED WITH TOO MUCH WEIGHT AND SO IT SINKS.

THE PROTON IS COMPOSED OF THREE UPQUARKS WITH AN ELECTRON AT THE CENTER. THE THREE

UPQUARKS ARE EACH COMPOSED OF P-STRING PHOTONS AND NEUTRINOS. BUT THE QUARKS RAPIDLY

DISINTEGRATE IF HELD IN ISOLATION. BUT INSIDE THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROTON, EACH OF THE THREE

IS ELECTRICALLY ATTRACTED TO THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTON AT THE CENTER OF THE PROTON; THUS THE THREE UPQUARKS EFFECTIVELY ORBIT THE ELECTRON AT THE CENTER. OF COURSE, THE

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PROTON HAS SPIN AND SO ASSUMES A SPHERICAL SHAPE. THIS MEANS THAT THE UPQUARKS CAN NOT

REMAIN AS SPHERES WHEN WITHIN THE PROTON, BUT MUST RESHAPE SO AS TO COMBINE TO GIVE THE

PROTON AN OVERALL SPHERICAL SHAPE.

THE PROTON IS A COMPONENT OF THE UNSTABLE NEUTRON. THE NEUTRON'S STRUCTURE IS UNSTABLE

BECAUSE IT CONTAINS A PROTON AND AN ELECTRON WHICH NEUTRALIZES ITS OVERALL CHARGE AND

TURNS IT INTO A NEUTRALLY CHARGED PARTICLE, HENCE THE NAME 'NEUTRON'. WHY IS THE POSITIVELY

CHARGED PROTON STABLE, WHILE THE NEUTRALLY CHARGED NEUTRON IS UNSTABLE?

BECAUSE THE POSITIVELY CHARGE PROTON HAS SPIN WHICH TURNS IT INTO A MAGNETIC MONOPOLE

JUST LIKE THE POSITRON. THE PROTON AND THE POSITRON BOTH HAVE ONE POSITIVE ELECTRICAL

CHARGE; AND THEIR SPIN MAKES EACH OF THEM A MAGNETIC MONOPOLE. THEIR RESPECTIVE MAGNETIC

FIELDS OBEY THE INVERSE CUBE LAW AND THIS IS WHAT KEEPS THE POSITIVELY CHARGED P-STRING

FROM ESCAPING; WHICH IN TURN PREVENTS DISINTEGRATION. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

TWO PARTICLES IS THEIR MASS.

CONVERSELY, THE NEUTRALLY CHARGED NEUTRON HAS SPIN BUT SINCE IT HAS NO CHARGE, THE

NEUTRON CAN NOT GENERATE A MAGNETIC FIELD ON ITS OWN IN ORDER TO PREVENT ITSELF FROM

DISINTEGRATING. THUS IT IS ONLY WHEN THE NEUTRON IS ITSELF A COMPONENT OF A LARGER PARTICLE, WHICH HAS AN OVERALL CHARGE, AND WHOSE SPIN CREATES A MAGNETIC FIELD; THAT THE NEUTON

CAN AVOID DISINTEGRATION DUE TO THE RESTRAINING EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC MONOPOLE WHICH

OBEYS THE INVERSE CUBE LAW.

THE NEUTRON CONTAINS THREE UPQUARKS AND TWO ELECTRONS. THE THREE UPQUARKS SUM TO +2

POSITIVE CHARGE AND THE TWO ELECTRON SUM TO -2 NEGATIVE CHARGE. THE POSITIVES AND

NEGATIVES CANCEL AND THUS THE OVERALL CHARGE IS NEUTRAL. THE TWO ELECTRONS ARE AT THE

CENTER OF THE NEUTRON WHILE THE THREE UPQUARKS ORBIT THE TWO ELECTRONS. THE TWO

ELECTRONS ARE EXTREMELY REPULSIVE TO EACH OTHER WHEN THE NEUTRON IS IN ISOLATION. AN

ISOLATED NEUTRON WILL USUALLY EMIT ONE OF THE ELECTRONS TO BECOME A PROTON.

SUPERSIZING THE SUBATOMIC LEVEL

THE IMPORTANCE OF GRAVITY AT THE SUBATOMIC LEVEL IS USUALLY IGNORED BECAUSE IT IS THE

WEAKEST KNOWN FORCE. THIS IS NOT HARD TO UNDERSTAND AS THE MASS FIGURES OF SUBATOMIC

PARTICLES ARE INFINITESMAL TO BEGIN WITH. WITH SUCH MINISCULE MASS FIGURES, AND SUCH A WEAK FORCE, THE ROLE OF GRAVITY SEEMS UNDENIABLY INSIGNIFICANT. BUT GOD'S INTELLIGENT

DESIGN IS MUCH MORE IMPORTANT THAN TYPICAL HUMAN PERCEPTION. GRAVITY IS ACTUALLY CRITICAL

TO THE STRUCTURE OF ALL STABLE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES.

MASS

RADIUS

NEUTRINO

7.37249734 x 10^-51 kg

1.49896229 x 10^-24 m

PHOTON

7.37249734 x 10^-51 kg

1.49896229 x 10^-24 m

POSITRON

9.10938356 × 10^-31 kg

7.46589988 x 10^-18 m

ELECTRON

9.10938356 × 10^-31 kg

7.46589988 x 10^-18 m

QUARK

5.57237387 × 10^-28 kg

6.33771318 x 10^-17 m

PROTON

1.6726231 × 10^-27 kg

1.41686063 x 10^-16 m

NEUTRON

1.6749286 x 10^-27 kg

1.56617863 x 10^-16 m

VOLUME = (4 pi)*(r)^3/3

MASS