The Myths that Trap Women and Men: What You May Not Know by Jane A. Tilly, DrPH - HTML preview

1 The Merriam-Webster definition of society is a large group of people living and interacting together in a specific area, sharing common laws, traditions, culture, and resources.

² Matlin, M. W. (2011). The psychology of women. Nelson Education.

³ Matlin, M. W. (2011).

⁴ Blackless, M., Charuvastra, A., Derryck, A., Fausto-Sterling, A., Lauzanne, K., & Lee, E. (2000). How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology, 12(2), 151–166.

⁵ Note that estimates of this population vary due to differing definitions of “intersex“ and sources of data.

⁶ Joel, D. (2021). Beyond the binary: Rethinking sex and the brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 122, 165-175.

⁷ Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Breastfeeding Report Card. Accessed at https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-data/breastfeeding-report-card/index.html on January 16, 2026.

⁸ These figures don’t mean that the mother is exclusively using breast milk.

⁹ Joel, D. (2021).

¹⁰ Lambelet Coleman, D. (2025). On Sex and Gender, A Commonsense Approach. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.

¹¹ Joel, D. (2021).

¹² Jablonka, I. (2019). A History of Masculinity, From Patriarchy to Gender Justice. Penguin Books.

¹³ Vartan, S. (2025). The Stronger Sex, What Science Tells Us About the Power of the Female Body. Seal Press.

¹⁴ Vartan, S. (2025).

¹⁵ Jablonka, I. (2019).

¹⁶ Vartan, S. (2025).

¹⁷ Jablonka, I. (2019).

¹⁸ Lambelet Coleman, D. (2025).

¹⁹ Matlin, M. W. (2011).

²⁰ Amin, A., Kågesten, A., Adebayo, E., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2018). Addressing gender socialization and masculinity norms among adolescent boys: policy and programmatic implications. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(3), S3-S5.

²¹ Matlin, M. W. (2011).

²² Matlin, M. W. (2011).

²³ Amin, A. (2018).

²⁴ Amin, A. (2018).

²⁵ Bosson, J. K., Wilkerson, M., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Jurek, P., & Olech, M. (2022). Harder won and easier lost? Testing the double standard in gender rules in 62 countries. Sex Roles, 87(1), 1-19.

²⁶ Amin, A. (2018).

²⁷ Bosson, J. K. (2022).

²⁸ Sara, S. (2022). Everyone’s Invited. Gallery Books UK.

²⁹ Sara, S. (2022).

³⁰ Collins, G. (2019). No Stopping US Now: The Adventures of Older Women in American History. Back Bay Books.

³¹ Common Era

³² Jablonka, I. (2019).

³³ World Health Organization. (2025, January 31). Female genital mutilation [Fact sheet]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation

³⁴ Jablonka, I. (2019).

³⁵ Sara, S. (2022).

³⁶ Matlin, M. W. (2011).

³⁷ Hackman, R. (2023). Emotional Labor, The Invisible Work Shaping our Lives and How to Claim our Power. Flatiron Books.

³⁸ Jablonka, I. (2019).

³⁹ Cooke, L. (2023) Bitch, What does it mean to be female? Penguin Randomhouse, UK.

⁴⁰ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁴¹ Miles, R. (2020). The Women’s History of the Modern World, How Radicals, Rebels and Everywomen Revolutionized the Last 200 Years. William Morrow.

⁴² Miles, R. (2020).

⁴³ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁴⁴ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁴⁵ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁴⁶ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁴⁷ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁴⁸ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁴⁹ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁵⁰ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁵¹ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁵² Saini, A. (2023). The Patriarchs: The Origins of Inequality. Beacon Press.

⁵³ Cooke, L. (2023).

⁵⁴ Before Common Era

⁵⁵ Román, I. (2025). Women Who Ruled the Ancient World. Available at: https://www.history.com/articles/ancient-female-rulers-cleopatra-boudica

⁵⁶ Román, I. (2025).

⁵⁷ One of four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in historic England.

⁵⁸ Ramirez, J. (2022). Femina, A New History of the Middle Ages, Through the Women Written Out of It. W.H. Allen.

⁵⁹ Greenblatt, S., Elizabeth I Queen of England. Brittanica. Accessed at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-I/The-queens-image on March 20, 2026.

⁶⁰ Oldenbourg-Idalie, Z. Catherine the Great Empress of Russia. Britannica. Accessed at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Catherine-the-Great on March 20, 2026.

⁶¹ Klagsbrun, F. (2017). Lioness: Golda Meir and the nation of Israel. Schocken.

⁶² Moore, C. (2013). Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands. Vintage.

⁶³ Merkel, A. (2024). Freedom. Saint Martin’s Press.

⁶⁴ Ball, M. (2024). Pelosi. Macmillan+ ORM.

⁶⁵ Robinson, L., & James, N. (April, 2025). Women’s Power Index: Find out where women around the world wield political power—and why it matters. Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/tracker/womens-power-index

⁶⁶ Saini, A. (2023).

⁶⁷ Jablonka, I. (2019).

⁶⁸ Hirsch, A. (2023). A History of Women in 101 Objects. Crown Publishing Group.

⁶⁹ Jablonka, I. (2019).

⁷⁰ Saini, A. (2023).

⁷¹ Çatalhöyük Research Project at https://www.catalhoyuk.com/site/rise_and_fall_of_a_neolithic_town . Accessed July 1, 2025.

⁷² Another estimate is 600 to 800 people. See Kuijt, I., & Marciniak, A. (2024). How many people lived in the world’s earliest villages? Reconsidering community size and population pressure at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 74, 101573. I don’t have the expertise to determine which estimate is best, so I decided to use the estimate of the official Çatalhöyük Research Project.

⁷³ Saini, A. (2023).

⁷⁴ Yüncü, E., Doğu, A. K., Kaptan, D., Kılıç, M. S., Mazzucato, C., Güler, M. N., ... & Somel, M. (2025). Female lineages and changing kinship patterns in Neolithic Çatalhöyük. Science. 388(6754),

⁷⁵ Saini, A. (2023).

⁷⁶ Jablonka, I. (2019).

⁷⁷ Saini, A. (2023).

⁷⁸ Saini, A. (2023).

⁷⁹ Saini, A. (2023).

⁸⁰ Graeber, D., & Wengrow, D. (2021). The Dawn of Everything, a New History of Humanity. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

⁸¹ Vartan, S. (2025).

⁸² Saini, A. (2023).

⁸³ Vartan, S. (2025).

⁸⁴ Vartan, S. (2025).

⁸⁵ Criado Perez, C. (2019). Invisible Women, Data Bias in a World Designed for Men. Abrams Press.

⁸⁶ Saini, A. (2023).

⁸⁷ Ramirez, J. (2022).

⁸⁸ Saini, A. (2023).

⁸⁹ Saini, A. (2023).

⁹⁰ Pythagoras lived from about 570 to 495 BCE.

⁹¹ Scally, L. P. Breaking the Barrier: Ancient Greek Women Philosophers. Journal of Pre-Modern Studies, 11, June 2013.

⁹² Saini, A. (2023).

⁹³ Saini, A. (2023).

⁹⁴ Saini, A. (2023).

⁹⁵ He was one of the four major Stoic philosophers in the ancient Roman Empire.

⁹⁶ Stephens, W. Musonius Rufus (c. 30–before 101-2 C.E.) Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, A Peer-Reviewed Academic Resource https://iep.utm.edu/musonius/#H5 Accessed July 1, 2025.

⁹⁷ Public Broadcasting Service. The Roman Empire First Century at https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/women.html Accessed on June 12, 2025.

⁹⁸ Stephens, W. (2025).

⁹⁹ Roughly 500 CE through 1500 CE

¹⁰⁰ Swan, L. (2014). The Wisdom of the Beguines, The Forgotten Story of a Medieval Women’s Movement. Bluebridge, Katonah, New York.

¹⁰¹ Hirsch, A. (2023).

¹⁰² Also known as the “Crusades.”

¹⁰³ Present day Israel and parts of some surrounding countries.

¹⁰⁴ Hirsch, A. (2023).

¹⁰⁵ Swan, L. (2014).

¹⁰⁶ Swan, L. (2014).

¹⁰⁷ Swan, L. (2014).

¹⁰⁸ Swan, L. (2014).

¹⁰⁹ Swan, L. (2014).

¹¹⁰ Swan, L. (2014).

¹¹¹ Swan, L. (2014).

¹¹² The Mirror of Simple Souls contains ideas that resonate with my spiritual path. You can find a free copy of it at: https://ia801209.us.archive.org/22/items/TheMirrorsOfSimpleSouls/The Mirrors of Simple Souls.pdf or by searching the Internet Archive at: archive.org .

¹¹³ Swan, L. (2014).

¹¹⁴ Beguine Link. Modern Beguines. Accessed at https://beguine.link/modern-beguines-2/ on April 11, 2026.

¹¹⁵ Jung, H. (2023). Flowers of Fire, The Inside Story of South Korea’s Feminist Movement and What it Means for Women’s Rights Worldwide. Ben Bella Books, Inc.

¹¹⁶ Hutton, R. (2017) The Witch, A History of Fear from Ancient Times to the Present. Yale University Press, London.

¹¹⁷ Hutton, R. (2017).

¹¹⁸ Hutton, R. (2017).

¹¹⁹ Hirsch, A. (2023).

¹²⁰ Hirsch, A. (2023).

¹²¹ Hirsch, A. (2023).

¹²² Hutton, R. (2017).

¹²³ Chollet M. (2022). In Defense of Witches, the Legacy of the Witch Hunts and Why Women Are Still on Trial. St. Martin’s Griffin.

¹²⁴ Hirsch, A. (2023).

¹²⁵ Faderman, L. (2022) Woman, The American History of an Idea. Yale University Press.

¹²⁶ Faderman, L. (2022).

¹²⁷ Chollet M. (2022).

¹²⁸ Chollet M. (2022).

¹²⁹ Hutton, R. (2017).

¹³⁰ Hessel, K. (2023) The Story of Art without Men. First American Edition, W. W. Norton & Company.

¹³¹ Kitagawa, K., & Revell T. (2023). The Secret Lives of Numbers, A Hidden History of Math’s Unsung Trailblazers. William Morrow.

¹³² Kaplan, J. (2020). The Genius of Women, From Overlooked to Changing the World Penguin Random House.

133 Ghose, S. (2023) Her Space, Her Time: How Trailblazing Women Scientists Decoded the Hidden Universe. MIT Press.

¹³⁴ Ghose, S. (2023).

¹³⁵ Ghose, S. (2023).

¹³⁶ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹³⁷ Ghose, S. (2023).

¹³⁸ Ghose, S. (2023).

¹³⁹ Ghose, S. (2023).

¹⁴⁰ Ghose, S. (2023).

¹⁴¹ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁴² National Aeronautics and Space Administration

¹⁴³ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁴⁴ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁴⁵ Ghose, S. (2023).

¹⁴⁶ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁴⁷ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁴⁸ Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁴⁹ Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁵⁰ Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁵¹ Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁵² Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁵³ Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁵⁴ Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁵⁵ You can see Asawa’s art at https://ruthasawa.com/

¹⁵⁶ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁵⁷ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁵⁸ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁵⁹ Hessel, K. (2023).

¹⁶⁰ Kaplan, J. (2020).

¹⁶¹ National Museum for Women in the Arts. Guerrilla Girls Born in 1985. Accessed on July 15, 2025 at https://nmwa.org/art/artists/guerrilla-girls/#:~:text=

¹⁶² The Guerrilla Girls website is https://www.guerrillagirls.com/

¹⁶³ Penaluna, R. (2023). How to Think Like a Woman, Four Women Philosophers Who Taught Me How to Love the Life of the Mind. Grove Press.

¹⁶⁴ Penaluna, R. (2023).

¹⁶⁵ Penaluna, R. (2023).

¹⁶⁶ Penaluna, R. (2023).

¹⁶⁷ Penaluna, R. (2023).

¹⁶⁸ Penaluna, R. (2023).

¹⁶⁹ Penaluna, R. (2023).

¹⁷⁰ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning

¹⁷¹ Tilly, J. (2021). A Short Guide to Finding Your Spiritual Path, A Researcher’s Perspective. Available at https://janetillywrites.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/a-short-guide-to-finding-your-spiritual-path-researchers-perspective-final-2.pdf

¹⁷² Evangelical Christians are Protestants who believe the Bible is “God’s Word,” and faith in Jesus as the Son of God is necessary to have one’s sins forgiven and to go to Heaven. Jesus’ death and resurrection are how a person’s sins are forgiven. Evangelicals believe they need to spread the Word of God about Jesus’ sacrifice for humanity’s sins. This form of Christianity is associated with traditional roles for women. 

¹⁷³ See for example Sue Monk Kidd’s book, The Dance of the Dissident Daughter and the more recent book by Sarah McCammon The Exvangelicals.

¹⁷⁴ Southern Baptist Convention. (2000). Baptist Faith & Message, Article VI: The church. https://bfm.sbc.net/bfm2000/#vi

¹⁷⁵ Episcopal Church. (n.d.). The consecration of Barbara Clementine Harris, first woman bishop in the Anglican Communion, 1989. https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/consecration-of-barbara-clementine-harris/

¹⁷⁶ Episcopal Church. (n.d.). Katharine Jefferts Schori biography. https://www.episcopalchurch.org/jeffertsschori/katharine-jefferts-schori-biography/

¹⁷⁷ Griffiths, R. For the first time in more than 1,400 years, Church of England gets a woman leader. National Public Radio Morning Edition, March 25, 2026.

¹⁷⁸ Monk Kidd, S. (2016). The Dance of the Dissident Daughter. Harper One.

¹⁷⁹ Bond, H., Taylor, J. (2022). Women Remembered Jesus’ Female Disciples. Hodder & Stoughton.

¹⁸⁰ Bond, H., Taylor, J. (2022).

¹⁸¹ Bond, H., Taylor, J. (2022).

¹⁸² Bond, H., Taylor, J. (2022).

¹⁸³ Barr, B. A. (2021). The Making of Biblical Womanhood, How the Subjugation of Women Became Gospel Truth. Brazos Press.

¹⁸⁴ Bond, H., Taylor, J. (2022).

¹⁸⁵ Bond, H., Taylor, J. (2022).

¹⁸⁶ Taussig, H. (2013). A New New Testament: a Bible for the Twenty-first Century Combining Traditional and Newly Discovered Texts. Harper One.

¹⁸⁷ An apostle is someone Jesus asked to preach his messages and establish his church.

¹⁸⁸ Barr, B. A. (2021).

¹⁸⁹ Watterson, M. (2019). Mary Magdelen Revealed, the First Apostle, Her Feminist Gospel, & the Christianity We Haven’t Tried Yet, Hay House LLC.; King, K.L. (2003). The Gospel of Mary of Magdala, Jesus and the First Woman Apostle. Polebridge Press.

¹⁹⁰ The Nag Hammadi library is a collection of early Christian and Gnostic texts discovered in Egypt in 1945.

¹⁹¹ Nixey, C. (2024). Heretic: Jesus Christ and the Other Sons of God. HarperCollins.

¹⁹² Galatians 3:28 says "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.” This is likely the Apostle Paul writing.

¹⁹³ Nixey, C. (2024).

¹⁹⁴ Taussig, H. (2013).

¹⁹⁵ Barr, B. A. (2021).

¹⁹⁶ Cleghorn, E. (2021). Unwell Women: Misdiagnosis and Myth in a Man-made World. Dutton.

¹⁹⁷ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

¹⁹⁸ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

¹⁹⁹ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁰⁰ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁰¹ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁰² Dusenbery, M. (2018). Doing Harm; The Truth about How Bad Medicine and Lazy Science Leave Women Dismissed, Misdiagnosed, and Sick. Harper One.

²⁰³ Dusenbery, M. (2018).

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²⁰⁹ Kramer M. The 1951 survey of the use of psychosurgery. In: Mettler Fa, Overholser W, Proceedings of the Third Research Conference on Psychosurgery. Public Health Service Publication 221. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office; 1954:162. Referenced in Tone, A., & Koziol, M. (2018) (F)ailing women in psychiatry: lessons from a painful past. Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol.190, no.20, E624-E625.

²¹⁰ Dusenbery, M. (2018).

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²¹² Dusenbery, M. (2018).

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²¹⁴ Dusenbery, M. (2018).

²¹⁵ Criado Perez, C. (2019).

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²¹⁸ Hossain, A. (2021). The Pain Gap, How Sexism and Racism in Healthcare Kill Women. Tiller Press.

²¹⁹ Criado Perez, C. (2019).

²²⁰ Criado Perez, C. (2019).

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²³¹ Criado Perez, C. (2019).

²³² Hossain, A. (2021).

²³³ Dusenbery, M. (2018).

²³⁴ Somerstein, R. (2024). Invisible Labor: the Untold Story of the Cesarean Section. Ecco and Harper Collins.

²³⁵ Sherman, C. (2025). The Second Coming, Sex and the Nest Generation’s Fight Over Its Future. Gallery Books.

²³⁶ Nelson, K., Gray, A., Haiken, S., & Underhill, K. “The State of Sexual Education: State Laws and Regulations Mandating Sexual Education in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health, 115, no. 10 (October 1, 2025): pp. 1723-1733.

²³⁷ Sherman, C. (2025).

²³⁸ Sherman, C. (2025).

²³⁹ Sherman, C., (2025).

²⁴⁰ Sherman, C., (2025).

²⁴¹ Sherman, C. (2025).

²⁴² Sherman, C. (2025).

²⁴³ Miles, R. (2020).

²⁴⁴ Miles, R. (2020).

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²⁴⁶ Ware, S. (2015). American Women’s History, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.

²⁴⁷ Cox, J. (2024). Women, Money, Power: The Rise and Fall of Economic Equality. Abrams Press.

²⁴⁸ Faderman, L. (2022).

²⁴⁹ Cox, J. (2024).

²⁵⁰ Cox, J. (2024).

²⁵¹ Hirsch, A. (2023).

²⁵² Sherman, C. (2025).

²⁵³ Blair, G. (2022) Ejaculate Responsibly; The Conversation we Need to Have about Men and Contraception. Penguin Life.

²⁵⁴ Blair, G. (2022).

²⁵⁵ Blair, G. (2022).

²⁵⁶ Blair, G. (2022).

²⁵⁷ Blair, G. (2022).

²⁵⁸ National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Institute, Fact Sheet: Eugenics and Scientific Racism. Accessed December 9, 2025 at https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism

²⁵⁹ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁶⁰ National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Institute. Accessed December 9, 2025.

²⁶¹ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁶² Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁶³ Gold, R. B. (2003). Lessons from before Roe: Will past be prologue. Guttmacher Rep Public Policy, 6(1), 8-11.

²⁶⁴ Coontz, S. (2016). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap (Rev. and updated ed.). Basic Books.

²⁶⁵ Lepore, J. (2018). These Truths, A History of the United States. WW Norton and Company.

²⁶⁶ Miles, R. (2020).

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²⁶⁸ Dickman, S. L., White, K., Himmelstein, D. U., Lupez, E., Schrier, E., & Woolhandler, S. (2024). Rape-related pregnancies in the 14 US states with total abortion bans. JAMA internal medicine, 184(3), 330-332.

²⁶⁹ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁷⁰ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁷¹ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

²⁷² Hossain, A. (2021).

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²⁷⁸ Hoyert D. Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2024. NCHS Health E-Stats. 2026

Mar;(113):1–7. Accessed on April 12, 2026 at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/hestat113.pdf .

²⁷⁹ National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP). Preventing Disease and Promoting Health: 2024 Highlights from NCCDPHP. JAN. 9, 2025.

²⁸⁰ Somerstein, R. (2024).

²⁸¹ Lambelet Coleman, D. (2025).

²⁸² Chollet, M. (2021). Reinventing Love: How the patriarchy sabotages heterosexual relationships. St. Martin’s Press.

²⁸³ Chollet, M. (2021).

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²⁸⁵ Chollet, M. (2021).

²⁸⁶ Matlin, M. W. (2011).

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²⁸⁸ Umberson, D., & Donnelly, R. (2023). Social isolation: An unequally distributed health hazard. Annual Review of Sociology, 49(1), 379-399.

²⁸⁹ Umberson, D., Lin, Z., & Cha, H. (2022).

²⁹⁰ Cain Miller, C. It’s Not Just a Feeling: Data Shows Boys and Young Men Are Falling Behind, Boys’ educational achievement, mental health and transitions to adulthood indicate that many are not thriving. New York Times, May 14, 2025.

²⁹¹ Lambelet Coleman, D. (2025).

²⁹² Umberson, D., Lin, Z., & Cha, H. (2022).

²⁹³ Cain Miller, C., May 14, 2025.

²⁹⁴ Parker, K., Hurst, K. (March 13, 2025) The Gender Gap in Teen Experiences,Teen girls and boys in the U.S. face different pressures and have different experiences at school but want the same things out of life. Pew Research.

²⁹⁵ Cain Miller, C., May 14, 2025.

²⁹⁶ Perry, S. W., Rainey, J. C., Allison, S., Bastiampillai, T., Wong, M. L., Licinio, J., ... & Wilcox, H. C. (2022). Achieving health equity in US suicides: a narrative review and commentary. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1360.

²⁹⁷ Matlin, M. W. (2011).

²⁹⁸ Liat Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. Introduction to the Section: Ageism—Concept and Origins. In Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (Eds.). (2018). Contemporary perspectives on ageism. Springer.

²⁹⁹ Liat Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C., (2018).

³⁰⁰ Douglas, S. (2020). In Our Prime: How Older Women are Reinventing the Road Ahead. W.W. Norton & Company.

³⁰¹ Liat Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2018).

³⁰² Ouchida, K. & Lachs, M. (2015). Not for Doctors Only Ageism in Healthcare, Generations 39(3), 46-57.

³⁰³ Liat Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2018).

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³⁰⁵ Liat Ayalon, L. & Tesch-Römer, C. (2018).

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³⁰⁸ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

³⁰⁹ Collins, G. (2019).

³¹⁰ Collins, G. (2019).

³¹¹ Liat Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2018).

³¹² Douglas, S. (2020).

³¹³ encyclopedia.com, Ethel Andrus. accessed on February 9, 2026 at https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ethel-andrus

³¹⁴ Collins, G. (2019).

³¹⁵ Collins, G. (2019).

³¹⁶ Kennedy H. (2022) Misogyny – A Human Rights Issue. Scottish Government.

³¹⁷ Faderman, L. (2022).

³¹⁸ Faderman, L. (2022).

³¹⁹ Faderman, L. (2022).

³²⁰ Cleghorn, E. (2021).

³²¹ Faderman, L. (2022).

³²² Coontz, S. (2016).

³²³ Coontz, S., (2016).

³²⁴ Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer or questioning

³²⁵ Coontz, S. (2016).

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