The Obesity Code: Unlocking the Secrets of Weight Loss: Unlocking the Secrets of Weight Loss (Why Intermittent Fasting I by Dr. Jason Fung - HTML preview

ENDNOTES

Introduction

1. CBC News [Internet]. 2014 Mar 3.  Canada’s  obesity rates triple in less than 30 years. Available from: cbc.ca/news/health/canada-s-obesity-rates-triple-in-less-than-30-years-1.2558365. Accessed 2015 Jul 27.

Chapter 1: How Obesity Became an Epidemic

1. Begley S. America’s hatred of fat hurts obesity fight.  Reuters [Internet]. 2012 May 11.  Available from: reuters.com/article/2012/05/11/us-obesity-stigma-idUSBRE84A0PA20120511. Accessed 2015 Apr 13.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Healthy weight: it’s a diet, not a lifestyle! (Updated 2014 Jan 24.) Available from: cdc.gov/healthyweight/calories/index.html. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Internet]. Maintaining a healthy weight on the go. 2010 Apr. Available from: nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/aim_hwt.pdf. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

4. Brillat-Savarin JA. The physiology of taste. Trans. Anne Drayton. Penguin Books; 1970. pp. 208–9.

5. William Banting. Letter on corpulence, addressed to the public. Available from: proteinpower.com/banting/index.php?page=1. Accessed 2015 Apr 12.

6. Data source for Figure 1.1: Jones DS, Podolsky SH, Greene JA. The burden of disease and the changing task of medicine. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 2; 366(25):2333–8.

7. Arias E. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. National Vital Statistics Reports. United States life tables 2009. 2014 Jan 6. Available from: cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_07.pdf. Accessed 2015 Apr 12.

8. Heart attack. New York Times [Internet]. (Reviewed 2014 Jun 30.) Available from: nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/heart-attack/risk-factors.html. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

9. Yudkin J. Diet and coronary thrombosis hypothesis and fact. Lancet. 1957 Jul 27; 273(6987):155–62.

10. Yudkin J. The causes and cure of obesity. Lancet. 19 Dec 1959; 274(7112):1135–8.

11. USDA Factbook. Chapter 2: Profiling food consumption in America. Available from: www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.pdf. Accessed 2015 Apr 26.

12. Data source for Figure 1.2: Centers for Disease Control [Internet], NCHS Health E-Stat. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1960– 1962 through 2007–2008. Updated 2011 Jun 6. Available from: cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.htm. Accessed 2015 Apr 26.

Chapter 2: Inheriting Obesity

1. Bouchard C. Obesity in adulthood: the importance of childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 25; 337(13):926–7.

2. Guo SS, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Gardner JD, Siervogel RM . The predictive value of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Apr; 59(4):810–9.

3. Stunkard AJ et al. An adoption study of human obesity. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jan 23; 314(4):193–8.

4. Stunkard AJ et al. The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 24; 322(21):1483–7.

Chapter 3: The Calorie Reduction Error

1. Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, McDowell M A, Johnson CL. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients: United States, 1971—2000. CDC M M WR Weekly. 2004 Feb 6; 53(4):80–2.

2. Ladabaum U et al. Obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US adults: 1988  to 2010. Am J Med. 2014 Aug; 127(8):717–27.

3. Griffith R, Lluberas R, Luhrmann M. Gluttony in England? Long-term change in diet. The  Institute for Fiscal Studies. 2013. Available from: ifs.org.uk/bns/bn142.pdf. Accessed 2015 Apr 26.

4. Kolata G. In dieting, magic isn’t a substitute for science. New York Times [Internet]. 2012 Jul 9. Available from: nytimes.com/2012/07/10/health/nutrition/q-and-a-are-high-protein-low-carb-diets- effective.html?_r=0. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

5. Benedict F. Human vitality and efficiency under prolonged restricted diet. Carnegie Institute of Washington; 1919. Available from: archive.org/details/humanvitalityeff00beneuoft. Accessed 2015 Apr 26.

6. Keys A, Brožek J, Henschel A, Mickelsen O, Taylor HL. The biology of human starvation (2 volumes). M INNE ed. St. Paul, M N: University of Minnesota Press; 1950.

7. Guetzkow  HG, Bowman PH. Men and hunger: a  psychological manual for relief  workers 1946. Elgin, IL: Brethren Publishing House; 1946.

8. Kalm LM , Semba RD. They starved so that others be better fed: remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota Experiment. J Nutr. 2005 Jun 1; 135(6):1347–52.

9. Ancestry Weight Loss Registry [Internet]. Blog. They starved, we forgot. 2012 Nov 4. Available from: awlr.org/blog/they-starved-we-forgot. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

10. Pieri J. Men starve in Minnesota. Life. 1945 Jul 30; 19(5):43–6.

11. Rosenbaum et al. Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Oct; 88(4):906–12.

12. Howard BV et al. Low fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAM A. 2006 Jan 4; 295(1):39–49.

13. Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Spence JT, Freedman M, King J. Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Apr; 101(4):411–20.

14. Suminthran P. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 27; 365(17):1597–604.

15. Rosenbaum M, Sy M, Pavlovich K, Leibel R, Hirsch J. Leptin reverses weight loss–induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli. J Clin Invest. 2008 Jul 1; 118(7):2583–91.

16. O’Meara S, Riemsma R, Shirran L, Mather L, Ter Riet G. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of orlistat used for the management of obesity. Obes Rev. 2004 Feb; 5(1):51–68.

17. Torgerson et al. Xenical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (XENDOS) Study. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan; 27(1):155–61.

18. Peale C. Canadian ban adds to woes for P&G’s olestra. Cincinnati Enquirer [Internet]. 2000 June 23. Available from: enquirer.com/editions/2000/06/23/fin_canadian_ban_adds_to.html. Accessed 2015 Apr 6.

19. Chris Gentilvisio. The 50 Worst Inventions. Time Magazine [Internet]. Available at: content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1991915_1991909_1991785,00.html. Accessed 2015 Apr 15.

Chapter 4: The Exercise Myth

1. British Heart Foundation. Physical activity statistics 2012. Health Promotion Research Group Department of public health, University of Oxford. 2012 Jul. Available from: bhf.org.uk/~/media/files/research/heart-statistics/m130-bhf_physical-activity-supplement_2012.pdf. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

2. Public Health England [Internet]. Source data: OEDC. Trends in obesity prevalence. Available from: noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/trends. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

3. Countries that exercise the most include United States, Spain, and France. Huffington Post [Internet]. 31 Dec 2013. Available from: huffingtonpost.ca/2013/12/31/country-exercise-most-_n_4523537.html. Accessed 2015 Apr 6.

4. Dwyer-Lindgren L, Freedman G, Engell RE, Fleming TD, Lim SS, Murray CJ, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of physical activity and obesity in US counties, 2001–2011: a road map for action. Population Health Metrics. 2013 Jul 10; 11:7. Available from biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1478- 7954-11-7.pdf. Accessed 2015 Apr 8.

5. Byun W, Liu J, Pate RR. Association between objectively measured sedentary behavior and body mass index in preschool children. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Jul; 37(7):961–5.

6. Pontzer H. Debunking the hunter-gatherer workout. New York Times [Internet]. 2012 Aug 24. Available from: nytimes.com/2012/08/26/opinion/sunday/debunking-the-hunter-gatherer- workout.html?_r=0. Access