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ECE 454 and ECE 554 Supplemental reading

Collection edited by: Thad Welch

Content authors: Don Johnson, Minh Do, C. Burrus, Roy Ha, Michael Haag, Nguyen Huu

Phuong, Richard Baraniuk, Melissa Selik, Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Philipos Loizou, Mohammad

Rahman, Anders Gjendemsjø, Robert Nowak, Justin Romberg, Stephen Kruzick, Mark Davenport,

Tuan Do-Hong, Ricardo Radaelli-Sanchez, Catherine Elder, Ivan Selesnick, Benjamin Fite,

Douglas Jones, Swaroop Appadwedula, Matthew Berry, Mark Haun, Jake Janevitz, Michael

Kramer, Dima Moussa, Daniel Sachs, and Brian Wade

Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col11416/1.1>

This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Thad Welch.

It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Collection structure revised: 2012/04/02

For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see the " Attributions" section at the end of the collection.

ECE 454 and ECE 554 Supplemental reading

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. ECE 454/ECE 554 Supplemental Reading for Chapter 1

1.1. Introduction to Digital Signal Processing

1.2. Introduction to Fundamentals of Signal Processing

What is Digital Signal Processing?

Overview of Key Concepts in Digital Signal Processing

1.3. m09 - An Overview of Discrete-Time Signals

[Discrete-Time Signals]Discrete-Time Signals

References

Chapter 2. ECE 454/ECE 554 Supplemental Reading for Chapter 2

2.1. DSP notation

Introduction

XSL Transformations and Macros

Signal Processing Notation

Time

Period

Frequency

Signal

Special Signals

Impulse

Unit Step

Sinc

Norm

Convolution

Circular Convolution

Twiddle Factor

Fourier Transform

CTFT

Laplace Transform

z-transform

Complex Numbers

Inner Product

2.2. Discrete-Time Systems in the Time-Domain

2.3. Signals Represent Information

Analog Signals

Digital Signals

2.4. Introduction to Systems

Cascade Interconnection

Parallel Interconnection

Feedback Interconnection

2.5. Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

Real- and Complex-valued Signals

Complex Exponentials

Sinusoids

Unit Sample

Unit Step

Symbolic Signals

Discrete-Time Systems

2.6. Systems in the Time-Domain

2.7. Autocorrelation of Random Processes

Autocorrelation Function

Properties of Autocorrelation

Estimating the Autocorrleation with Time-Averaging

Examples

2.8. DIGITAL CORRELATION

Cross-correlation and auto-correlation

Auto-correlation

Correlation and data communication

Correlation of periodic signals

Chapter 3. ECE 454/ECE 554 Supplemental Reading for Chapter 3

3.1. DTFT Examples

3.2. Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

3.3. Continuous Time Fourier Transform (CTFT)

Introduction

Fourier Transform Synthesis

Equations

CTFT Definition Demonstration

Example Problems

Fourier Transform Summary

3.4. Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Introduction

DTFT synthesis

Equations

DTFT Definition demonstration

DTFT Summary

3.5. Continuous-Time Fourier Transform

Properties of CTFT

Numerical Approximations to CTFT

3.6. Introduction

Why sample?

Claude E. Shannon

Notation

The Sampling Theorem

3.7. Proof

Introduction

Proof part 1 - Spectral considerations

Proof part II - Signal reconstruction

Summary

3.8. Illustrations

Basic examples

The process of sampling

Sampling fast enough

Sampling too slowly

Reconstruction

Conclusions

3.9. Sampling and reconstruction with Matlab

Matlab files

3.10. Systems view of sampling and reconstruction

Ideal reconstruction system

Ideal system including anti-aliasing

Reconstruction with hold operation

3.11. Sampling CT Signals: A Frequency Domain Perspective

Understanding Sampling in the Frequency Domain

Sampling

Relating x[n] to sampled x(t)

3.12. SIGNAL SAMPLING

Sampling of continuous-time signals

The sampling theorem

Aliasing

3.13. The DFT: Frequency Domain with a Computer Analysis

Introduction

Sampling DTFT

Choosing M

Case 1

Case 2

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

Interpretation

Remark 1

Remark 2

Periodicity of the DFT

A Sampling Perspective

Inverse DTFT of S(ω)

Connections

3.14. Sampling Theorem

Introduction

Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem

Statement of the Sampling Theorem

Proof of the Sampling Theorem

Perfect Reconstruction

Practical Implications

Discrete Time Processing of Continuous Time Signals

Psychoacoustics

Sampling Theorem Summary

Chapter 4. ECE 454/ECE 554 Supplemental Reading for Chapter 4

4.1. Examples for Systems in the Time Domain

4.2. Discrete-Time Processing of CT Signals

DT Processing of CT Signals

Analysis

Summary

Note

Application: 60Hz Noise Removal

DSP Solution

Sampling Period/Rate

Digital Filter

4.3. Discrete-Time Systems

Classifications

Convolution

Derivation of the Convolution Sum

The Matrix Formulation of Convolution

The Z-Transform Transfer Function

Frequency Response of Discrete-Time Systems

Fundamental Theorem of Linear, Time-Invariant Systems

Pole-Zero Plots

Relation of PZ Plots, FR Plots, Impulse R

State Variable Formulation

Difference Equations

Flow Graph Representation

Standard Structures

FIR and IIR Structures

Quantization Effects

Multidimensional Systems

References

4.4. Eigenvectors of LSI Systems

4.5. LSI/LTI Systems

Characterizing LSI Systems

1.

2.

Understanding Conditions on Matrix for Shift Invariance

Upshot for LSI Systems

Summary: LSI Systems and Imuplse Response

4.6. System Classifications and Properties

Introduction

Classification of Systems

Continuous vs. Discrete

Linear vs. Nonlinear

Time Invariant vs. Time Variant

Causal vs. Noncausal

Stable vs. Unstable

4.7. Discrete Time Systems

Introduction

Discrete Time Systems

Linearity and Time Invariance

Difference Equation Representation

Discrete Time Systems Summary

4.8. PROPERTIES OF THE DIGITAL CONVOLUTION

Commutativity

Associativity

Distributivity

Impulse response for causal system and signal

System identification

4.9. Discrete Time Convolution

Introduction

Convolution and Circular Convolution

Convolution

Operation Definition

Definition Motivation

Graphical Intuition

Circular Convolution

Definition Motivation

Graphical Intuition

Interactive Element

Convolution Summary

4.10. Linear-Phase FIR Filters

THE AMPLITUDE RESPONSE

WHY LINEAR-PHASE?

WHY LINEAR-PHASE: EXAMPLE

WHY LINEAR-PHASE: EXAMPLE (2)

WHY LINEAR-PHASE: MORE

4.11. m21 - Convolution of Discrete-Time Signals

Convolution

Derivation of the Convolution Sum

The Matrix Formulation of Convolution

References

Chapter 5. ECE 454/ECE 554 Supplemental Reading for Chapter 5

5.1. DFT as a Matrix Operation

Matrix Review

Representing DFT as Matrix Operation

5.2. Filtering with the DFT

Introduction

Compute IDFT of Y[k]

DFT Pair

Regular Convolution from Periodic Convolution

DSP System

5.3. m10 - The Discrete Fourier Transform

The Discrete Fourier Transform

Definition of the DFT

Matrix Formulation of the DFT

Extensions of x(n)

Convolution

Examples of the DFT

References

5.4. DFT Basis

DFT Properties

Complex Sinusoids in a nutshell

Summary: Frequency

Impact on DFT

DFT Notation

5.5. INTRODUCTORY DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM (DFT)

INTRODUCTORY DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM (DFT)

From the DTFT to the DFT

Properties of the DFT

5.6. Discrete-Time Signals

The Discrete Fourier Transform

Definition of the DFT

Matrix Formulation of the DFT

Extensions of x(n)

Convolution

Properties of the DFT

Examples of the DFT

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

Definition of the DTFT

Properties

Evaluation of the DTFT by the DFT

Examples of DTFT

The Z-Transform

Definition of the Z-Transform

Properties

Examples of the Z-Transform

Inversion of the Z-Transform

Solution of Difference Equations using the Z-Transform

Region of Convergence for the Z-Transform

Relation of the Z-Transform to the DTFT and the DFT

Relationships Among Fourier Transforms

Wavelet-Based Signal Analysis

The Basic Wavelet Theory

Generalization of the Basic Wavelet System

References

5.7. Efficiency of Frequency-Domain Filtering

5.8. Conclusions: Fast Fourier Transforms

References

5.9. The Cooley-Tukey Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm

Modifications to the Basic Cooley-Tukey FFT

The Split-Radix FFT Algorithm

Evaluation of the Cooley-Tukey FFT Algorithms

The Quick Fourier Transform, An FFT based on Symmetries

Input and Output Symmetries

Further Reductions if the Length is Even

Arithmetic Complexity and Timings

Conclusions

References

5.10. DTFT and Convolution

5.11. Short Time Fourier Transform

Short Time Fourier Transform

Sampled STFT

Spectrogram Example

Effect of window length R

Effect of L and N

Effect of R and L

5.12. Spectrograms

5.13. m19 - Wavlet-Based Signal Analysis

Wavelet-Based Signal Analysis

The Basic Wavelet Theory

Generalization of the Basic Wavelet System

References

Chapter 6. ECE 454/ECE 554 Supplemental Reading for Chapter 6

6.1. Discrete-Time Signals

Real- and Complex-valued Signals

Complex Exponentials

Sinusoids

Unit Sample

Symbolic-valued Signals

6.2. Difference Equation

Introduction

General Formulas for the Difference Equation

Difference Equation

Conversion to Z-Transform

Conversion to Frequency Response

Example

Solving a LCCDE

Direct Method

Homogeneous Solution

Particular Solution

Indirect Method

6.3. The Z Transform: Definition

Basic Definition of the Z-Transform

The Complex Plane

Region of Convergence

6.4. Table of Common z-Transforms

6.5. Understanding Pole/Zero Plots on the Z-Plane

Introduction to Poles and Zeros of the Z-Transform

The Z-Plane

Examples of Pole/Zero Plots

Interactive Demonstration of Poles and Zeros

Applications for pole-zero plots

Stability and Control theory

Pole/Zero Plots and the Region of Convergence

Frequency Response and Pole/Zero Plots

6.6. m15 - The Z-Transform

The Z-Transform

Definition of the Z-Transform

Examples of the Z-Transform

Inversion of the Z-Transform

Relation of the Z-Transform to the DTFT and the DFT

References

6.7. Differential Equations

Differential Equations

General Formulas for the Differential Equation

Conversion to Laplace-Transform

Conversion to Frequency Response

Solving a LCCDE

Direct Method

Homogeneous Solution

Particular Solution

Indirect Method

Summary

Chapter 7. ECE 454/ECE 554 Supplemental Reading for Chapter 7

7.1. Filtering in the Frequency Domain

7.2. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LTI (LSI) SYSTEMS

Frequency response

Magnitude frequency response on decibel scale

Eigen-function and eigen-value in DSP systems

Frequency response of systems in cascade or in parallel

Frequency response in terms of filter coefficients

7.3. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LTI (LSI) SYSTEMS

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LTI (LSI) SYSTEMS