REFERENCE
on the manuscript of book
on the manuscript of book
of Doct. of Tech. Science, Prof. L. Dvorkin and
of Doct. of Tech. Science, Prof. L. Dvorkin and
Doct. of Tech. Science O. Dvorkin
Doct. of Tech. Science O. Dvorkin
“Basics of Concrete Science”
“Basics of Concrete Science”
Basically concrete science is engineering science, development
By now concrete science became one of the fundamental material
of which greatly defines a level of modern construction technology.
sciences, at which modern construction technology is based. A large
The series of editions educational chiefly prepared by professors
body of literature is devoted to certain problems and sections of
B.G. Scramtaev, Y.M. Bazhenov and others are devoted to recitals
concrete science.
of concrete science essentials. Therewith dynamic development of
In this connection famous monographs of V. Ramachandran, A.
concrete science in recent years causes necessity of preparation
Neville, F. Lee, A. Sheykin and other authors should be mentioned.
the works, where modern theoretical essentials of that science
Chapter “Concrete science” in educational literature is adduced in
would be generalized and accessibly stated. The book prepared by
manuals on concrete and reinforced concrete technology (manuals of
famous specialists Doctors of Technical Science, Professors
O.Gershberg, Y.Bazhenov etc.).
L.Dvorkin and O.Dvorkin subserves this purpose.
Therewith wide theoretical and empirical date have been accrued till
Therewith it should be mentioned that the book presented can be
present time that makes preparation of the books with recital of general
considered as in-depth course of concrete science basics which
essentials of concrete science as independent discipline order of the
can be useful for wide readership – students, post-graduate
day. Discipline subject is studying of concrete structure and properties
students, scientists and technologists.
of different types and influence of various factors on them.
Structure of the course suggested is appeared to be straight
Authors of the book under review attempted to solve this problem.
enough; authors sequentially enlighten peculiarities of raw
The book consists of 10 chapters, comprising main subjects of material
materials, rheological and technological properties of concrete
science and enlighting qualitative peculiarities of raw materials and
mixes, issues of concrete structure forming, its influence on
admixtures, chemical and physical processes in concrete structure
strength, deformability, concrete resistance to physical and
forming, complex of concrete properties which characterize concrete
chemical aggression effect. There are discovered interestingly and
durability, types of cement and mostly wide-spread non-cement
deeply enough the issues of concrete creep and shrinkage.
concrete and mortars. Distinctive features of the book accessible and in
Accessible logical recital, wide range of the problems
the same time deep enough recital of the data, generalization of wide
enlightened, generalization of wide experimental data obtained by
experimental data, accent on the problems of forecasting and
large group of researchers including the authors themselves, high
management of concrete properties, their proportioning.
level of using diagrams, tables, quantitative dependences are
To our opinion the book appeared to be “full-blooded” and original.
characteristic for the book under reference.
Along with classical statements there are enlightened modern data and
conceptions.
Honoured worker of science of Russia, Academician of
Russian Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Doct. of Tech. Science, Professor, Director of Scientific and
Science, Doct. of Tech. Science, Professor of the department
Research Institute of Binding Materials at Kiev National University
“Building Materials and Technologies” of St-Petersburg State
of Civil Engineering and Architecture
University of communication lines
P.V. KRIVENKO
P.G. KOMOHOV
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FOREWORD
L. Dvorkin and O.Dvorkin
7
Modern concrete science is dynamically developed applied science which subject
is studying of structure and properties of the composite materials received at
hardening of binders and aggregates.
The primary goal of concrete science is working out the theory of producing of
concrete with given properties, maintenance of their working capacity and
necessary durability in structures and constructions at influence of service
factors.
Considering many-sided nature of concrete science, huge luggage of theoretical
workings out and the practical experience, saved up by present time, the
statement of concrete science essentials is an uneasy problem.
By preparation of the book authors pursued the goal to shine well and at the
same time without excessive simplification such sections of concrete science as
structure of a cement stone and concrete, its basic properties and types, design
of concrete mixtures. Principal views of noncement concrete and mortars are
considered in short also.
The offered book as authors hope, can be used not only by students of building
specialities of universities, but also to be useful to post-graduate students,
scientists, a wide range of technologists.
Authors are grateful to reviewers: Prof. P.Komohov, Prof. P. Krivenko and Prof.
A.Ysherov-Marshak for valuable advices and remarks; and also PhD
N.Lyshnikova who have assisted in preparation of presentation.
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INTRODUCTION.
SHORT HISTORICAL ESSAY
L. Dvorkin and O.Dvorkin
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Concrete science is a science about concrete, its types, structure and
properties, environmental impact on it. Concrete science develops in process of
development of construction technology, improving of experimental methods of
research.
Concrete application in civil engineering can be divided conventionally into
some stages:
1. The antique
2. Application of a hydraulic lime and Roman cement.
3. Portland cement technology formation and plain concrete application.
4. Mass application of concrete for manufacturing of reinforced concrete
constructions.
5. Application of concrete for manufacturing of prestressed and precast
reinforced concrete constructions
6. Wide use of concrete of the various types modified by admixtures.
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1. Antique concrete
Fig.1. Pantheon in Rome.
Concrete domical building 43 m high (115-125 A.D.)
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2. Pioneer research of cement concrete
Fig.2. A. Le Shatelye (1850-1936)
Fig.3. D. Mendeleev (1834-1907)
The author of crystallization
The great Russian chemist.
theory of binders hardening
He has investigated a series of issues
of cement chemistry
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Fig.5. N. Beleluskiy (1845-1922)
Fig.4. A. Shulyachenko (1841-1903)
The author of a series of famous
The author of a series of famous works
works on methods of cement and
on hardening theory
concrete testing, design of reinforced
of hydraulic binders, concrete corrosion
concrete constructions
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3. “Golden age” of concrete
Fig.6. Roofed swimming pool, Hebveiler, France (1896)
Fig.7. Roofed market, Munich, Germany (1912)
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Fig.8. Central railway station, Leipzig,
Germany (1915)
Fig.9. Exhibition hall, Brunn, Czech
Republik (1928)
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Fig.11. Moscow subway station “Red Gates”. Monolithic concrete.
The platform is ingrown 32.8 m (1935)
Fig.10. Empire State Building, New-York,
USA (1931) 381 m high
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Fig.12. Concrete dam at Dnieper hydroelectric plant (1932)
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Fig.13. Concrete dam at Sayano-Shushenskaya
hydroelectric plant (1982)
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Fig.15. Project of reinforced
concrete petroleum extraction
platform
ф
Fig. 14. Ostankino television
tower, Moscow, more than
530 m high (1967)
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4. Concrete of ХХІ century
In ХХI century concrete has entered as the basic building material appreciably
defining level of a modern civilization. The world volume of application of
concrete has reached 2 billion m3. Advantages of concrete are an unlimited
raw-material base and rather low cost, an environmental acceptance,
application possibility in various performance conditions and achievements of
high architectonic-building expressiveness, availability of technology and
possibility of maintenance of high level of mechanization and automation of
production processes, which cause attractiveness of this material and its
leading positions on foreseeable prospect. Achievements concrete science and
concrete technologies allow to project by present time concrete, products and
designs with demanded properties, to predict and operate its properties.
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