A City Torn Apart Building of the Berlin Wall by Central Intelligence Agency - HTML preview

PLEASE NOTE: This is an HTML preview only and some elements such as links or page numbers may be incorrect.
Download the book in PDF, ePub, Kindle for a complete version.

index-1_1.png

index-1_2.png

index-1_3.jpg

index-1_4.jpg

index-1_5.jpg

index-1_6.jpg

index-1_7.jpg

index-1_8.jpg

index-1_9.jpg

index-1_10.jpg

index-1_11.jpg

index-1_12.png

index-1_13.jpg

B U I L D I N G O F T H E B E R L I N W A L L

a

index-2_1.png

index-2_2.jpg

index-2_3.jpg

index-2_4.jpg

index-2_5.jpg

index-2_6.jpg

index-2_7.jpg

index-2_8.jpg

index-2_9.jpg

index-2_10.jpg

index-2_11.jpg

index-2_12.jpg

A C I T Y T O R N A P A R T

b

A CITY TORN APART

BUILDING BERLIN

OF

THE

WALL

in conjunction with a symposium given on

27 OCTOBER 2011

at the

NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND

RECORDS ADMINISTRATION

WASHINGTON, DC

T

RN APAR

O

ITY T

C

A

ALL

W

OF

BUILDING BERLIN

en on

v i

a symposium g

h

n conjunction wit

i

7 OCTOBER 2011

2

the

at

AND

S

HIVE

C

AL AR

N

O

I

AT

N

ON

TI

TRA

S

ADMINI

S

RD

CO

RE

DC

,

ASHINGTON

W

index-5_1.jpg

index-5_2.png

index-5_3.jpg

index-5_4.jpg

index-5_5.jpg

index-5_6.jpg

B U I L D I N G O F T H E B E R L I N W A L L

b r a n d e n b u r g g a t e

Built in 1791, standing 85 feet high, 215 feet

long and 36 feet wide, this former city gate

is one of the most iconic symbols of Berlin

and Germany. Throughout its existence it has

served as a visual representation of various

political ideologies, ranging from Prussia’s

imperialism to East Germany’s communism.

It was closed by the East Germans on 14

August 1961 in a response to West Berliners’

demonstration against the building of the

wall dividing their city into East and West. It

remained closed until 22 December 1989.

Its design is based upon the gate way to the

Propylaea, the entry into the Acropolis in

Athens, Greece. It has 12 Doric columns, six to

a side, forming five passageways. The central

archway is crowned by the Quadriga, a statue

consisting of a four horse chariot driven by

Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory. After

Napoleon’s defeat, the Quadriga was returned

to Berlin and the wreath of oak leaves on

Victoria was replaced with the new symbol of

Prussia, the Iron Cross.

i

index-6_1.jpg

index-6_2.jpg

index-6_3.png

index-6_4.jpg

index-6_5.jpg

index-6_6.jpg

index-6_7.jpg

index-6_8.jpg

index-6_9.jpg

index-6_10.png

index-6_11.png

A C I T Y T O R N A P A R T

a f a m i l y d i v i d e d

A couple from Berlin may never see each

other again because they became separated

by the newly formed Berlin Wall. On August

12th, one day before Ulbricht ordered West

Berlin surrounded by barbed wire, a man

flew into West Berlin. His wife was planning

on following him several days later after

their young son completed his holiday camp.

Several days after the “iron curtain” was

drawn, the couple was able to meet at the

fence. The guard indulgently allowed them

time to talk. When the guard turned away

and was not watching, the mother quickly

hands their son over to his father and to

freedom.

Having made her decision, the mother wipes

away her tears of pain and sorrow, knowing

that she may never see her son grow up.

With a goodbye bouquet and clinging hands,

a man and a women acknowledge that they

might never see each other again and that a

young boy may never really know who his

mother was and the sacrifice she made to

have him live in freedom.

i i

index-7_1.png

index-7_2.png

index-7_3.png

index-7_4.png

index-7_5.png

index-7_6.png

index-7_7.png

index-7_8.jpg

index-7_9.png

index-7_10.jpg

index-7_11.jpg

index-7_12.jpg

index-7_13.jpg

index-7_14.png

index-7_15.png

B U I L D I N G O F T H E B E R L I N W A L L

t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s

Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

IMS

NARA/ND

Agenda and Speaker Bios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Overview

CIA

Army

SHAPE

State

Selected Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

1

index-8_1.jpg

index-8_2.png

A C I T Y T O R N A P A R T

N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s a n d R e c o r d s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n As the nation’s record keeper, it is our vision that all Americans will understand the vital role records play in a democracy, and their own personal stake in the National Archives. Our holdings and diverse programs will be available to more people than ever before through modern technology and dynamic partnerships. The stories of our nation and our people are told in the records and artifacts cared for in NARA facilities around the country. We want all Americans to be inspired to explore the records of their country.

The National Archives and Records Administration serves American democracy by safeguarding and preserving the records of our Government, ensuring that the people can discover, use, and learn from this documentary heritage. We ensure continuing access to the essential documentation of the rights of American citizens and the actions of their government. We support democracy, promote civic education, and facilitate historical understanding of our national experience.

The mission of the National Declassification Center (NDC) at the National Archives is to align people, processes, and technologies to advance the declassification and public release of historically valuable permanent records while maintaining national security. Located at the National Archives Building in College Park, MD, the Center was created as part of Executive Order #13526. It aims to be the world’s preeminent declassification organization, responsive to all customers, committed to the free flow of information and the requirements of national security. Its current focus is:

timely and appropriate processing of referrals between agencies for

accessioned Federal records and transferred Presidential Records;

general interagency declassification activities necessary to fulfill the

requirements of sections 3.3 and 3.4 of the executive order;

the exchange among agencies of detailed declassification guidance to

support equity recognition;

the development of effective, transparent, and standard declassification

work processes, training, and quality assurance measures;

the development of solutions to declassification challenges posed by

electronic records, special media, and emerging technologies;

the linkage and effective utilization of existing agency databases and

the use of new technologies to support declassification activities under

the purview of the Center.

2

index-9_1.jpg

B U I L D I N G O F T H E B E R L I N W A L L

H i s t o r i c a l C o l l e c t i o n s D i v i s i o n

The Historical Collections Division (HCD) of CIA’s Information Management Services is responsible for executing the Agency’s Historical Review Program. This program seeks to identify and declassify collections of documents that detail the Agency’s analysis and activities relating to historically significant topics and events. HCD’s goals include increasing the usability and accessibility of historical collections. HCD also develops release events and partnerships to highlight each collection and make it available to the broadest audience possible.

The mission of HCD is to:

• Promote an accurate, objective understanding of the

information and intelligence that has helped shape major US

foreign policy decisions.

• Broaden access to lessons-learned, presenting historical

material that gives greater understanding to the scope and

context of past actions.

Improve current decision-making and analysis by facilitating

reflection on the impacts and effects arising from past foreign

policy decisions.

Showcase CIA’s contributions to national security and provide

the American public with valuable insight into the workings of

its government.

Demonstrate the CIA’s commitment to the Open Government

Initiative and its three core values: Transparency, Participation,

and Collaboration.

3

index-10_1.jpg

index-10_2.jpg

index-10_3.jpg

index-10_4.jpg

A C I T Y T O R N A P A R T

a g e n d a

9:00 am to 10:00 am

Opening Ceremonies:

Neil C. Carmichael, Jr., National Declassification Center

Mr. David S. Ferriero, Archivist of the United States

Mr. Joe Lambert, Director Information Management Services, CIA

Guest Speaker:

Dr. William Richard Smyser, Adjunct Professor, BMW Center for

German and European Studies at Georgetown University.

10:00 am to 10:15 am

Break

10:15 am to 12:00 pm

Panel Discussion: Berlin Crisis of 1961, Building the Wall

Historian Panel: From Vienna to Check Point Charlie;

12:00 pm to 1:00 pm

Private Reception for Panel and Speakers

4

index-11_1.png

index-11_2.jpg

index-11_3.jpg

index-11_4.jpg

index-11_5.jpg

index-11_6.jpg

index-11_7.png

index-11_8.png

index-11_9.png

index-11_10.png

index-11_11.png

index-11_12.png

index-11_13.png

index-11_14.png

index-11_15.png

index-11_16.png

index-11_17.png

B U I L D I N G O F T H E B E R L I N W A L L

s p e a k e r s

David Ferriero

Archivist of the United States

Joseph Lambert

Director, Information Management Services, Central Intelligence Agency

Guest Speaker

Dr. William Richard Smyser

Adjunct Professor, BMW Center for German and European Studies

at Georgetown University

Moderator of the Historian Panel

Dr. Donald P. Steury

Central Intelligence Agency

Members of the Historian Panel

Dr. Donald A. Carter

. Donald A. Carter

U.S. Army Center of Military History

U.S. Army Center of Military History

Dr

Dr. Hope Harrison

. Hope Harrison

Associate Professor of History and International Affairs

Associate Professor of History and International Affairs

at George W

at George Washington University

ashington University

Mr

M . Lou Mehrer

r. Lou Mehrer

Central Intelligence Agency

Central Intelligence Agenc , Retired

y, Retired

Dr

Dr. Gregory W

. Gregory

.

W Pedlow

Pedlow

Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe

Supreme Headquarters Allieed Powers Europe

5

A C I T Y T O R N A P A R T

s p e a k e r b i o g r a p h i e s

William Richard Smyser is the former Henry Alfred Kissinger Chair in Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress; he is currently an adjunct professor at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University and also teaches at the U.S. Foreign Service Institute. An expert on the politics and economy of Europe, he has worked for the U.S. government, the United Nations, and in foundation management and academia. He served with U.S. forces in Germany in the 1950s, was a special assistant to General Lucius Clay, President Kennedy’s personal representative, during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and served as a political counselor at the American embassy in Bonn. Since then he has held a number of senior executive positions at the White House and was a senior member of Henry Kissinger’s National Security Council staff. His books include: The Humanitarian Conscience: Caring for Others in the Age of Terror (2003), How Germans Negotiate: Logical Goals, Practical Solutions (2002), and From Yalta to Berlin: the Cold War Struggle over Germany (1999).

Professor Hope M. Harrison conducted extensive research in the archives in Moscow and Berlin on the decision to build the Berlin Wall. She has published books and articles on this in the U.S., Germany and elsewhere. Her 2003 book published by Princeton University Press, Driving the Soviets Up the Wall, Soviet—East German Relations, 1953-1961, won the 2004 Marshall Shulman Prize for the “best book on the international relations of the former Soviet bloc” of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. An updated and expanded version of her book was published this year in Germany in time for the 50th anniversary of the building of the Berlin Wall: Ulbrichts Mauer, Wie die SED Moskaus Widerstand gegen den Mauerbau Brach (Propyläen Verlag, 2011). She has appeared on CNN, C-SPAN, the History Channel, Deutschlandradio, and Spiegel TV discussing the Berlin Wall. Her current research focuses on German debates about how to commemorate the Berlin Wall as a site of memory since 1989.

Donald P. Steury is a historian currently working in the National Declassification Center at the National Archives. He previously served as a Soviet military analyst and worked on the CIA History Staff from 1992 to 2007. He has written widely on intelligence history in World War II and the Cold War and his publications include two documentary histories, On the Front Lines of the Cold War: the Intelligence War in Berlin, 1946-1961 and Intentions and Capabilities: Estimates on Soviet Strategic Forces. He has taught at the University of Southern California and the George Washington University and presently teaches at the University of Maryland University College.

He also serves on the Wissenschaftlicher Beirat of the Alliierten Museum in Berlin. He has a doctorate in modern European history from the University of California, Irvine.

6

index-13_1.jpg

index-13_2.jpg

index-13_3.jpg

index-13_4.jpg

index-13_5.jpg

B U I L D I N G O F T H E B E R L I N W A L L

Gregory W. Pedlow has been Chief of the Historical Office at NATO’s Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe since 1989. Previous positions have included Staff Historian for the Central Intelligence Agency and Assistant Professor of History at the University of Nebraska.

He received a Ph.D. in Modern European History from the Johns Hopkins University in 1979

and is the author of a number of books and articles on German history, NATO and the Cold War, and the Waterloo Campaign of 1815.

Donald A. Carter is currently serving as a historian for the U.S. Army Center of Military History. He has been an Assistant Professor and Instructor at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York and the U.S. Army Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He is a graduate of the U. S. Military Academy and holds a doctorate from Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio in Military History. He has written articles for a number of journals and military publications such as the Journal of Military History, Army Review and Field Artillery.

Lou Mehrer is a retired CIA Officer who served in senior assignments in Washington and abroad. Most recently, he was featured in the UK film production, Spies Beneath Berlin, the history of the Berlin Tunnel Operation, which is scheduled for commercial release later this summer. He holds a Bachelor of Arts, cum laude, in Modern European History and German Literature and continued his education as a Fulbright Scholar in Germany at the University of Frankfurt. Later as a Woodrow Wilson Fellow at Rutgers University, he earned a Master of Arts degree in History. He currently is a senior review officer for the CIA Declassification Center.

7

index-14_1.jpg

index-14_2.jpg

index-14_3.jpg

index-14_4.jpg

index-14_5.jpg

index-14_6.jpg

A C I T Y T O R N A P A R T

B e r l i n , N o v e m b e r 2 0 , 1 9 6 1

N e w w a l l a t t h e B r a n d e n b u r g G a t e s h o w s t h e o l d b a r b e d w i r e , a s c r e e n o f f i r e b o a r d , a n d t h e n e w w a l l e r e c t e d b y C o m m u n i s t l a b o r b a t t a l i o n s .

8

index-15_1.png

index-15_2.jpg

index-15_3.jpg

index-15_4.jpg

index-15_5			</div>
		</div>
		<div class=