Engendering the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine: Time to Include Rape and Sexual Violence by Kathi Jayakumar - HTML preview

{1} Joshua Goldstein, War and Gender, (Cambridge University Press, 2001) See generally Chapter 1

{2} Ismat Kittani, ‘Preventive Diplomacy and Peacekeeping: The UN Experience, in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century’, in Olara A Otunnu and Michael W. Doyle, Introduction: Discovering the Limits and Potential of Peacekeeping, in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998) at 89, 93

{3} Mohammed Ayoob, ‘State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure’, in Chester A Crocker et. Al., (eds.) Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict (United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001) 127, 136

{4} Article 2(4), Charter of the United Nations

{5} Article 51, Charter of the United Nations

{6} Chapter VII, Charter of the United Nations

{7} Yearbook of the ILC, 1966, vol. II, p. 248.

{8} ICJ Reports, 1986, pp. 14, 94; 76 ILR, pp. 349, 428;

{9} Owing to a lack of any other legal instrument suggesting a list of sources, this article has been cited.

{10} W.D. Verwey, Humanitarian Intervention Under International Law, 32 Netherlands International Law Review 357 (1985); Franck & Nigel S. Rodley, After Bangladesh: The Law of Humanitarian Intervention by

Military Force, 67 American Journal of International Law 275, 305 (1973)

{11} Kirthi Jayakumar, Humanitarian Intervention: A Legal Analysis, (February 6, 2012)
http://www.e-ir.info/2012/02/06/humanitarian-intervention-a-legal-analysis/

{12} See generally Women Under Siege Project, “Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo” http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/conflicts/profile/democratic-republic-of-congo

{13} See generally Michele L Leiby, "Wartime Sexual Violence in Guatemala and Peru", 2009 International Studies Quarterly 53, 445-468 http://www.micheleleiby.com/downloads/isq_wartime_sexual_violence.pdf

{14} See generally Simona Florea,  The Role of NGOs in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: A Partnership with the United Nations , Master's Thesis Presented to  the Graduate School of Webster University at Geneva,  July 2005,

http://www.academia.edu/936859/The_role_of_NGOs_in_post-conflict_reconstruction_A_partnership_with_the_United_Nations

{15} See generally UKMIL, 70 British Yearbook of International Law, 1999, p. 590

{16} See generally UKMIL, 70 British Yearbook of International Law, 1999, p. 586

{17} See generally UKMIL, 72 British Yearbook of International Law, 2001 p.696

{18} J. Crawford, ‘Democracy and International Law’, 44 British Yearbook of International Law, 1993, p. 113; B. R. Roth, Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law, Oxford, 1999; O. Schachter, ‘The Legality of Pro-Democratic Invasion’, 78 American Journal of International Law, 1984, p. 645.

{19} Alton Frye. 'Humanitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable Doctrine.' New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2000.

{20}International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS),

The Responsibility to Protect, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, 2001, pp. XI and XII, available at http://www.iciss.ca/pdf/

Commission-Report.pdf   

{21} Anne Orford, ‘Jurisdiction Without Territory: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Responsibility to Protect’, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2009, pp. 984–1015, at p. 990

{22} Adam Jones, “Genocide and Humanitarian Intervention: Incorporating the Gender Variable”

Paper presented to the Fourth International Bi-Annual Conference of the Association of Genocide Scholars Minneapolis, MN, June 10-12, 2001 http://adamjones.freeservers.com/ags.htm

{23} Adam Jones, ed. “Gendercide and Genocide” Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004, p. 197

{24} Article 2, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948

{25} Prosecutor v. Akayesu, (ICTR) Case No. ICTR-96-4  (Trial Chamber), September 2, 1998, para. 504; http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/127/PID/18/default.aspx?id=3&mnid=4

{26} Prosecutor v. Akayesu, (ICTR) Case No. ICTR-96-4  (Trial Chamber), September 2, 1998, para. 504; http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/127/PID/18/default.aspx?id=3&mnid=4

{27} See generally Women Under Siege Project, “Profile: Holocaust” http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/conflicts/profile/holocaust

{28} See generally Women Under Siege Project, “Profile: Rwanda”

http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/conflicts/profile/rwanda

{29} See generally Women Under Siege Project, “Profile: Bosnia”

http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/conflicts/profile/bosnia

{30} See generally Women Under Siege Project, “Profile: Libya”

http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/conflicts/profile/libya

{31} See generally Lauren Wolfe (Women Under Siege Project), “Syria has a massive rape crisis” April 3, 2013 

http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/syria-has-a-massive-rape-crisis

{32} Prosecutor v. Akayesu, (ICTR) Case No. ICTR-96-4  (Trial Chamber), September 2, 1998, para. 504; http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/127/PID/18/default.aspx?id=3&mnid=4

{33} Specific clause under Article 2.

{34} Prosecutor v. Akayesu, (ICTR) Case No. ICTR-96-4  (Trial Chamber), September 2, 1998, para. 506; http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/127/PID/18/default.aspx?id=3&mnid=4

{35} Akayesu, (n. 3), para. 731

{36} Prosecutor v. Akayesu, (ICTR) Case No. ICTR-96-4  (Trial Chamber), September 2, 1998, para. 507-8; http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/127/PID/18/default.aspx?id=3&mnid=4

{37} Libya: Gaddafi investigated over use of rape as weapon, July 8, 2011 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13705854

{38} Guatemala: Efrain Rios Montt and Genocide Charges, The Guardian, May 10, 2013 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/10/guatemala-efrain-rios-montt-genocide-charges

{39} "Africa Tales of Rape in DR Congo". BBC News. Retrieved 6 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/africa_tales_of_rape_in_dr_congo/html/1.stm

{40} "UNICEF adviser says rape in Darfur, Sudan continues with impunity". 19 October 2004. UN News Centre. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=12280&Cr=darfur&Cr1=

{41} “Bacha Bazi in Afghanistan” Washington Post, April 4, 2012,

http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-04/world/35451705_1_bacha-bazi-afghans-pashtun

{42} IWPR, “Bosnia struggle to overcome male rape taboo”

http://iwpr.net/report-news/bosnia-struggle-overcome-male-rape-taboo

{43} “The Rape of Men” (July 17,  2011) http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men

{44} Sandesh Sivakumaran, Why the world must stop ignoring male victims of wartime sexual violence  (BBC) March 13, 2013  http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/13/opinion/male-victims-sexual-violence

{45} "Sex used to break Muslim prisoners, book says" (January 27, 2005)

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6876549/

{46} Don Couturier, "The Rape of Men: Eschewing Myths of Sexual Violence in War" http://web.uvic.ca/~onpol/1_Don.pdf

{47} Jennifer Bond and Laurel Sherret, A sight for sore eyes: Bringing Gender Vision to the Responsibility to Protect Framework, (August 1, 2006). INSTRAW: New Voices, New Perspectives

{48} UN Security Council resolution 1325 (2000); Security Council resolution 1820 (2008); Security Council resolution 1888 (2009); Security Council resolution 1889 (2009); Security Council resolution 1960 (2010)

{49} UN General Assembly, "Implementing the The Responsibility to Protect" Report of the Secretary General, January 12, 2009, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/63/677