the tennis-ball. Computers are used extensively throughout aeronautics to aid in the
design and analysis of aircraft, watercraft, and even sports equipment. Scientists have
developed mathematical models, which emulate the physics of fluids [3]. These
mathematical fluid models are programmed into software applications, which can be
An engineer can take an object, like an aeroplane or ball, and use the fluid model
to analyse how this object would perform in "flight". It is like having a virtual wind
tunnel. There is a special name for this type field of work. It's called "Computational
Fluid Dynamics" or "CFD" for short. We decided not to include the whole simulation
procedure step by step in this section. We would like though, to feature some of the
Figures 1 and 2 above show two different cases. Comparing them, we could find
differences in the ball’s speed and spin.
4. Equipment Rules for Tennis Rackets
Rackets failing to comply with the following specifications are not approved for
play under the Rules of Tennis:
a. The hitting surface of the racket shall be flat. It should consist of a pattern of
crossed strings connected to a frame and alternately interlaced or bonded where they
cross. The stringing pattern shall be generally uniform, and in particular not less dense
in the centre than in any other area. The strings shall be free of attached objects and
protrusions, other than those utilized solely and specifically to limit or prevent wear
and tear or vibration, and which are reasonable in size and placement for such
b. For professional play, the frame of the racket shall not exceed 73.66-cm (29
inches) in overall length, including the handle, as from 1st January 1997. For non-
